Comfrey

June 18th, 2007

SCIENTIFIC NAME(S): - Symphytum officinale L., S asperum Lepechin,S.tuber, Symphytum x uplandicum Nyman (Russian comfrey) is a hybrid of S. officinale and S.asperum.
Family: Boraginaceae
—Synonyms—Common Comfrey. Knitbone. Knitback. Consound. Blackwort. Bruisewort. Slippery Root. Boneset. Yalluc (Saxon). Gum Plant. Consolida. Ass Ear.
-–Parts Used—Root, leaves.
–-Habitat-–A native of Europe and temperate Asia; is common throughout England on the banks of rivers and ditches, and in watery places generally.

COMMON NAME(S): - Comfrey,russian comfrey, knitbone, bruisewort, blackwort, slippery root

Comfrey and comfrey root has been used from very ancient times, and is one of nature’s greatest healers. It is a great cell proliferant, or new cell grower; can help your body to grow new flesh and bone. It is used for arthritis pain, bruises, dislocations and sprains.

This well-known showy plant is a member of the Borage and Forget-me-not tribe, Boraginaceae.
The plant is erect in habit and rough and hairy all over. There is a branched rootstock, the roots are fibrous and fleshy spindle-shaped, an inch or less in diameter and up to a foot long, smooth, blackish externally, and internally white, fleshy and juicy.

Description:The leafy stem, 2 to 3 feet high, is stout, angular and hollow, broadly winged at the top and covered with bristly hairs. The lower, radical leaves are very large, up to 10 inches long, ovate in shape and covered with rough hairs which promote itching when touched. The stem-leaves are decurrent, i.e. a portion of them runs down the stem, the body of the leaf being continued beyond its base and point of attachment with the stem. They decrease in size the higher they grow up the stem, which is much branched above and terminated by one-sided clusters of drooping flowers, either creamy yellow, or purple, growing on short stalks. These racemes of flowers are given off in pairs, and are what is known as scorpoid in form, the curve they always assume suggesting, as the word implies, the curve of a scorpion’s tail, the flowers being all placed on one side of the stem, gradually tapering from the fully-expanded blossom to the final and almost imperceptible bud at the extremity of the curve, as in the Forget-meNot. The corollas are bell-shaped, the calyx deeply five-cleft, narrow to lance-shaped, spreading, more downy in the purpleflowered type. The fruit consists of four shining nutlets, perforated at the base, and adhering to the receptacle by their base. Comfrey is in bloom throughout the greater part of the summer, the first flowers opening at the end of April or early May.

The creamy yellow-flowered form is stated by Hooker to be Symphytum officinale proper, and the purple flowered he considered a variety and named it S. officinale, var patens. The botanist Sibthorpe makes a definite species of it under the name patens.

Cultivation-:–Comfrey thrives in almost any soil or situation, but does best under the shade of trees.

Propagation may be effected either by seed or by division of roots in the autumn: the roots are very brittle, and the least bit of root will start growing afresh. They should be planted about 2 1/2 feet apart each way, and will need no further care except to keep them clear from weeds.

As a green crop they will yield largely if well-rotted manure be dug between the rows when dressing for winter.

As an ornamental plant, Comfrey is often introduced into gardens, from which it is very difficult to eradicate it when it has once established itself, a new plant arising from any severed portion of the root.

Parts Used Medicinally :—The root and leaves, generally collected from wild plants.

Comfrey leaves are sometimes found as an adulteration to Foxglove leaves, which they somewhat resemble, but may be distinguished by the smaller veins not extending into the wings of the leaf-stalk, and by having on their surface isolated stiff hairs. They are also more lanceolate than Foxglove leaves.

—Constituents-:--The chief and most important constituent of Comfrey root is mucilage, which it contains in great abundance, more even than Marshmallow. It also contains from 0.6 to 0.8 per cent. of Allantoin and a little tannin. Starch is present in a very small amount.

History
Comfrey has been cultivated in Japan as a green vegetable and used in American herbal medicine. Its old name, knitbone, derives from the external use of poultices of the leaves and roots to heal burns, sprains, swelling, and bruises. Comfrey has been claimed to heal gastric ulcers, hemorrhoids, and to suppress bronchial congestion and inflammation.Its use has spanned over 2000 years.
Botany :- A perennial that grows to about 90 cm in moist grasslands, comfrey has lanceolate leaves and bellshaped purple or yellow-white flowers.

Uses of Comfrey
‘The roots of Comfrey taken fresh, beaten small and spread upon leather and laid upon any place troubled with the gout presently gives ease: and applied in the same manner it eases pained joints and tends to heal running ulcers, gangrenes, mortifications, for which it hath by often experience been found helpful.’
The young leaves form a good green vegetable, and are not infrequently eaten by country people. When fully grown they become, however, coarse and unpleasant in taste. They have been used to flavour cakes and other food.
In some parts of Ireland Comfrey is eaten as a cure for defective circulation and poverty of blood, being regarded as a perfectly safe and harmless remedy.

Comfrey roots, together with Chichory and Dandelion roots, are used to make a well-known vegetation ‘Coffee,’ that tastes practically the same as ordinary coffee, with none of its injurious effects.

A strong decoction has been used on the Continent for tanning leather, and in Angora a sort of glue is got from the common Comfrey, which is used for spinning the famous fleeces of that country.

Medicinal Action and Uses
Comfrey is one of nature’s greatest medicinal herbs. Used for arthritis , it soothes and heals inflamed tissues, and it helps reduce swelling and pain in a most remarkable way. Comfrey is also used as a vegetable,as topical treatment for bruises, burns and sprains, and as internal medicine.

Demulcent, mildly astringent and expectorant. As the plant abounds in mucilage, it is frequently given whenever a mucilaginous medicine is required and has been used like Marshmallow for intestinal troubles. It is very similar in its emollient action to Marshmallow, but in many cases is even preferred to it and is an ingredient in a large number of herbal preparations. It forms a gentle remedy in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery. A decoction is made by boiling 1/2 to 1 OZ. of crushed root in 1 quart of water or milk, which is taken in wineglassful doses, frequently.

For its demulcent action it has long been employed domestically in lung troubles and also for quinsy and whooping-cough. The root is more effectual than the leaves and is the part usually used in cases of coughs. It is highly esteemed for all pulmonary complaints, consumption and bleeding of the lungs. A strong decoction, or tea, is recommended in cases of internal haemorrhage, whether from the lungs, stomach, bowels or from bleeding piles -to be taken every two hours till the haemorrhage ceases, in severe cases, a teaspoonful of Witch Hazel extract being added to the Comfrey root tea.

A modern medicinal tincture, employed by homoeopaths, is made from the root with spirits of wine, 10 drops in a tablespoonful of water being administered several times a day.

Comfrey leaves are of much value as an external remedy, both in the form of fomentations, for sprains, swellings and bruises, and as a poultice, to severe cuts, to promote suppuration of boils and abscesses, and gangrenous and ill-conditioned ulcers . The whole plant, beaten to a cataplasm and applied hot as a poultice, has always been deemed excellent for soothing pain in any tender, inflamed or suppurating part. It was formerly applied to raw, indolent ulcers as a glutinous astringent. It is useful in any kind of inflammatory swelling.

Internally, the leaves are taken in the form of an infusion, 1 OZ. of the leaves to 1 pint of boiling water.

Fluid extract: dose, 1/2 to 2 drachms.

The reputation of Comfrey as a vulnerary has been considered due partly to the fact of its reducing the swollen parts in the immediate neighborhood of fractures, causing union to take place with greater facility. Gerard affirmed: ‘A salve concocted from the fresh herb will certainly tend to promote the healing of bruised and broken parts.’ Surgeons have declared that the powdered root, if dissolved in water to a mucilage, is far from contemptible for bleedings and fractures, whilst it hastens the callus of bones under repair. Its virtues as a vulnerary are now attributed to the Allantoin it contains. According to Macalister (British Medical Journal, Jan. 6, 1912), Allantoin in aqueous solution in strengths of 0.3 per cent has a powerful action in strengthening epithelial formations, and is a valuable remedy not only in external ulceration, but also in ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. Comfrey Root is used as a source of this cell proliferant Allantoin, employed in the dealing of chronic wounds, burns, ulcers, etc., though Allantoin is also made artificially.

Side Effects of Comfrey
Evidence indicates that comfrey is unsafe in any form and potentially fatal.

Dosage
Fresh, peeled root or dried root, approximately 3.5 ounces (100 grams), is simmered in 1 pint (500 ml) of water for ten to fifteen minutes to prepare comfrey for topical use. 4 Cloth or gauze is soaked in this liquid, then applied to the skin for at least 15 minutes. Fresh leaves can be ground up lightly and applied directly to the skin. Alternatively, creams or ointments made from root or leaf can be applied. All topical preparations should be applied several times per day.

Due to variations in pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, root preparations are unsafe for internal use unless they are guaranteed pyrrolizidine-free. Although comfrey root tea has been used traditionally, the danger of its pyrrolizidine alkaloids is significant. Therefore, comfrey root and young leaf preparations should not be taken internally.

Toxicology
Despite its common use, the long-term ingestion of comfrey may pose a health hazard. Several members of the family Boraginaceae contain related alkaloids reported to cause liver toxicity in animals and humans. Some of these compounds predispose hepatic tumor development.

Similarly, the alkaloids of Russian comfrey caused chronic liver damage and pancreatic islet cell tumors after 2 years of use in animal models. Eight alkaloids have been isolated from Symphytum X uplandicum. Alkaloid levels range from 0.003% to 0.115% with highest concentrations in small young leaves. An indirect estimate of alkaloid ingestion determined the consumption of toxic alkaloids to be 2 mg/700 g of flour. Based on this value, Roitman’s calculation of 8 to 26 mg of toxic alkaloids per cup of comfrey root tea (4 to 13 times as great as the episode above) suggests that comfrey ingestion poses a significant health risk. Herbal teas and similar preparations of SymÂ phytum contain the pyrrolizidine alkaloid that has been shown to cause blockage of hepatic veins and lead to hepatonecrosis. Veno-occlusive disease has been reported in a woman who ingested a comfrey-pepsin preparation for 4 months; one woman died following the ingestion of large quantities of yerba mate tea. A woman who consumed large amounts of comfrey preparations developed as cites-caused venoocclusive disease, and 4 Chinese women who self-medicated with an herbal preparation that contained pyrrolizidine alkaloids from an unknown plant source also developed the disease. One man presented portal hypertension with hepatic veno-occlusive disease and later died of liver failure. It was discovered that he used comfrey in his vegetarian diet. Oral ingestion of pyrrolizidine-containing plants, such as comfrey,poses the greatest risk since the alkaloids are converted to toxic pyrrole-like derivatives following ingestion; however ,the alkaloids of comfrey applied to the skin of rats were detected in the urine, and lactating rats excrete pyrrolizidine alkaloids into breast milk. If animals consume plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, they could pass these alkaloids on to humans via milk.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein by Herbal Extracts Plus is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:

http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/comfre92.html
http://www.natural-medicinal-herbs.com/herbs/comfrey.htm