Smartweed

June 30th, 2008

Botanical Name: Polygonum hydropiper (LINN.)
Family: N.O. Polygonaceae
Synonyms: Water Pepper. Biting Persicaria. Bity Tongue. Arcmart. Pepper Plant. Smartass. Ciderage. Red Knees. Culrage. Bloodwort. Arsesmart.
Parts Used: Whole herb and leaves.
Habitat: Great Britain and Ireland, rarer in Scotland; is a native of most parts of Europe, in Russian Asia to the Arctic regions. Found abundantly in places that are under water during the winter.

Description: Annual. The branched stem, 2 to 3 feet in length, creeps at first, then becomes semi-erect. The leaves are alternate, lance-shaped up to 4 inches long but usually less than 1/2 inch wide, shortly stalked, wavy, more or less acute, glandular below, fringed with hairs.Roots can develop from the leaf nodes. The stipules form a short inflated ochrea. The greenish-pink flowers are in long, slender, loose racemes, that mostly droop at their tips. There are six to eight stamens, two of which are functionless; two to three styles to the pistil. Flowers are on spikes at the end of stems (often numerous spikes on the same plant). Flowers begin as greenish then turn whitish or light pink in color as they mature. Fruits are flat, triangular (1/8 inch), dark brown to black. The fruit is black and dotted, as long as the perianth, three-sided and nut-like. The leaves have a pungent, acrid, bitter taste (something like peppermint), which resides in the glandulat dots on its surface, no odour.

Submerged portions of all aquatic plants provide habitats for many micro and macro invertebrates. These invertebrates in turn are used as food by fish and other wildlife species (e.g. amphibians, reptiles, ducks, etc). After aquatic plants die, their decomposition by bacteria and fungi provides food (called “detritus”) for many aquatic invertebrates. Smartweed seeds are heavily consumed by ducks, small birds, and small mammals.

Smartweed can be cut and the roots can be dug up but physical control is difficult because it can reestablish from seeds and remaining roots.It can be propagated by planting seeds into moist soils or transplanting whole plants during the winter.

Constituents: The plant’s irritant medicinal properties are due to an active principle not fully understood, called Polygonic Acid (when discovered by Dr. C. J. Rademaker in 1871), which forms in green deliquescent crystals, having a bitter and acrid taste and strong acid reaction. It is destroyed by heating or drying. Other authorities later considered this body to be simply a mixture of impure tannic and gallic acids, together with chlorophyll, and failed to isolate a stable active principle. The plant contains 3 or 4 per cent of tannin. It imparts its properties to alcohol or water. The tincture must be made from the fresh plant; heat and age destroy its qualities.

The active ingredients that have been successful in treating smartweed include 2,4-D (E), triclopyr (G), and glyphosate (E). E = excellent, G = good

Navigate and Aqua-Kleenare 2,4-D compounds that have been effective on smartweed. 2,4-D compounds are systemic herbicides. Systemic herbicides are absorbed and move within the plant to the site of action. Systemic herbicides tend to act more slowly than contact herbicides.

It is said that this herb, together with Arbor Vitze, constituted the anti-venereo remedy of Count Mattei.

Linnaeus observes that the Water Pepperwort will dye woollen cloths of a yellow colour, if the material be first dipped in a solution of alum, and that all domestic quadrupeds reject it.

Medicinal Action and Uses: Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, efficacious in amenorrhoea. A cold water infusion is useful in gravel, colds and coughs.

In combination with tonics and gum myrrh, it is said to have cured epilepsy - probably dependent on some uterine derangement. The infusion in cold water, which may be readily prepared from the fluid extract, has been found serviceable in gravel, dysentery, gout, sore mouths, colds and coughs, and mixed with wheat bran, in bowel complaints. Antiseptic and desiccant virtues are also claimed for it. The fresh leaves, bruised with those of the Mayweed (Anthemis Cotula), and moistened with a few drops of oil of turpentine, make a speedy vesicant.

Simmered in water and vinegar, it has proved useful in gangrenous, or mortified conditions. The extract, in the form of infusion or fomentation, has been beneficially applied in chronic ulcers and haemorrhoidal tumours, also as a wash in chronic erysipetalous inflammations, and as a fomentation in flatulent colic.

A hot decoction made from the whole plant has been used in America as a remedy for cholera, a sheet being soaked in it and wrapped round the patient immediately the symptoms start.

In Mexico, the infusion is used not only as a diuretic, but also put into the bath of sufferers from rheumatism.

A fomentation of the leaves is beneficial for chronic ulcers and haemorrhoids - in tympanitis and flatulent colic, and as a wash in chronic inflammatory erysipelas.

It was once held that a few drops of the juice put into the ear would destroy the worms that it was believed caused earache.

There is a tradition, quoted in old Herbals, that if a handful of the plant be placed under the saddle, a horse is enabled to travel for some time without becoming hungry or thirsty, the Scythians having used this herb (under the name of Hippice) for that purpose.

It was an old country remedy for curing proud flesh in the sores of animals. Culpepper tells us also that ‘if the Arsemart be strewed in a chamber, it will soon kill all the fleas.’

The root was chewed for toothache - probably as a counter-irritant - and the bruised leaves used as a poultice to whitlows.

A water distilled from the plant, taken in the quantity of a pint or more in a day, has been found serviceable in gravel and stone.

The expressed juice of the freshly gathered plant has been found very useful in jaundice and the beginning of dropsies, the dose being from 1 to 3 tablespoonfuls.

In Salmon’s Herbal, it is stated:
‘It is known by manifold and large experience to be a peculiar plant against gravel and stone. The Essenee causes a good digestion, it is admirable against all cold and moist diseases of the brain and nerves, etc., such as falling sickness, vertigo, lethargy, apoplexy, palsy, megrim, etc., and made into a syrup with honey it is a good pectoral. The oil dissolves and discusses all cold swellings, scrofulous and scirrhous tumours, quinsies, congealed blood, pleurisies, etc.’

Waller recommends it also for ‘hypochondriacal diseases.’

Preparations and Dosage: Infusion, 1 OZ. to 1 pint - 1 tablespoonful three times daily. Fluid extract, 1 to 2 drachms. Tincture, 2 to 4 drachms.

Other Species: From the AMERICAN SMARTWEED (Polygonum, Linn.), which possesses properties similar to those of the English species; a homoeopathic tincture is prepared from the fresh plant, which has been used with great advantage in diarrhoea and dysentery, in doses of 20 to 60 minims

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider

Between 65–300 species are recognised depending on the circumscription of the genus; some botanists divide the genus up into several smaller genera, including Fagopyrum, Fallopia and Persicaria.

The genus Polygonella has a number of morphological similarities with Polygonum and some authors have included Polygonella in Polygonum.

Selected species include:

* Polygonum achoreum
* Polygonum acuminata
* Polygonum acuminatum - tapertip smartweed
* Polygonum arenarium
* Polygonum arenastrum – small-leaved knotgrass
* Polygonum argyrocoleon
* Polygonum arifolium
* Polygonum aviculare – common knotgrass
* Polygonum bellardii
* Polygonum bidwelliae
* Polygonum bistortoides
* Polygonum bolanderi
* Polygonum boreale
* Polygonum brasiliensis
* Polygonum bungeanum - Bunge’s smartweed
* Polygonum buxiforme
* Polygonum caespitosum
* Polygonum californicum – California knotweed
* Polygonum careyi - Carey’s smartweed
* Polygonum cascadense
* Polygonum caurianum
* Polygonum chinense
* Polygonum coccineum
* Polygonum cognatum – Indian knotgrass
* Polygonum davisiae
* Polygonum densiflorum
* Polygonum dibotrys
* Polygonum douglasii – Douglas’ knotweed
* Polygonum erectum
* Polygonum flaccidum – (Meissn.)
* Polygonum foliosum
* Polygonum forrestii
* Polygonum fowleri
* Polygonum franktonii
* Polygonum glaucum
* Polygonum griffithii
* Polygonum herniarioides
* Polygonum heterosepalum – dwarf desert knotweed
* Polygonum hickmanii
* Polygonum hirsutum
* Polygonum hongkongensis
* Polygonum hudsonianum
* Polygonum hydropiperoides - swamp smartweed
* Polygonum lacerum
* Polygonum lanigerum
* Polygonum marinense
* Polygonum maritimum – sea knotgrass
* Polygonum meisneranum
* Polygonum meisnerianum
* Polygonum minimum – broadleaf knotweed
* Polygonum multiflorum
* Polygonum newberryi - Newberry knotweed
* Polygonum oxyspermum – Ray’s knotgrass
* Polygonum paronychia
* Polygonum paronychioides
* Polygonum parryi
* Polygonum patulum - Bellard’s smartweed
* Polygonum perfoliatum – mile-a-minute weed
* Polygonum phytolaccifolium
* Polygonum plebeium
* Polygonum polycnemoides
* Polygonum polycnenoides
* Polygonum polygaloides
* Polygonum punctatum - dotted smartweed
* Polygonum raii = Polygonum oxyspermum
* Polygonum ramosissimum
* Polygonum robustius - stout smartweed
* Polygonum rurivagum
* Polygonum salicifolium
* Polygonum scoparium
* Polygonum segetum - field smartweed
* Polygonum setaceum - bog smartweed
* Polygonum shastense
* Polygonum striatulum
* Polygonum tenue

Resources:
http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/smartw54.html
http://aquaplant.tamu.edu/database/emergent_plants/smartweed.htm#description
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartweed