Categories
Ailmemts & Remedies

Kidney Stones

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What is a kidney stone?
A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney. Normally, urine contains chemicals that prevent or inhibit the crystals from forming. These inhibitors do not seem to work for everyone, however, so some people form stones. If the crystals remain tiny enough, they will travel through the urinary tract and pass out of the body in the urine without being noticed.

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Kidney stones may contain various combinations of chemicals. The most common type of stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. These chemicals are part of a person’s normal diet and make up important parts of the body, such as bones and muscles.

A less common type of stone is caused by infection in the urinary tract. This type of stone is called a struvite or infection stone. A bit less common is the uric acid stone. Cystine stones are rare.

Kidney stones in kidney, ureter, and bladder
Urolithiasis is the medical term used to describe stones occurring in the urinary tract. Other frequently used terms are urinary tract stone disease and nephrolithiasis. Doctors also use terms that describe the location of the stone in the urinary tract. For example, a ureteral stone (or ureterolithiasis) is a kidney stone found in the ureter. To keep things simple, however, the term “kidney stones” is used throughout this fact sheet.

Gallstones and kidney stones are not related. They form in different areas of the body. If you have a gallstone, you are not necessarily more likely to develop kidney stones.

Who gets kidney stones?
For unknown reasons, the number of people in the United States with kidney stones has been increasing over the past 30 years. The prevalence of stone-forming disease rose from 3.8 percent in the late 1970s to 5.2 percent in the late 1980s and early 1990s. White Americans are more prone to develop kidney stones than African Americans. Stones occur more frequently in men. The prevalence of kidney stones rises dramatically as men enter their 40s and continues to rise into their 70s. For women, the prevalence of kidney stones peaks in their 50s. Once a person gets more than one stone, others are likely to develop

What causes kidney stones?
Doctors do not always know what causes a stone to form. While certain foods may promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, scientists do not believe that eating any specific food causes stones to form in people who are not susceptible.

A person with a family history of kidney stones may be more likely to develop stones. Urinary tract infections, kidney disorders such as cystic kidney diseases, and certain metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism are also linked to stone formation.

In addition, more than 70 percent of people with a rare hereditary disease called renal tubular acidosis develop kidney stones.

What are the symptoms?
Kidney stones often do not cause any symptoms. Usually, the first symptom of a kidney stone is extreme pain, which occurs when a stone acutely blocks the flow of urine. The pain often begins suddenly when a stone moves in the urinary tract, causing irritation or blockage. Typically, a person feels a sharp, cramping pain in the back and side in the area of the kidney or in the lower abdomen. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur. Later, pain may spread to the groin.

If the stone is too large to pass easily, pain continues as the muscles in the wall of the tiny ureter try to squeeze the stone along into the bladder. As a stone grows or moves, blood may appear in the urine. As the stone moves down the ureter closer to the bladder, you may feel the need to urinate more often or feel a burning sensation during urination.

If fever and chills accompany any of these symptoms, an infection may be present. In this case, you should contact a doctor immediately.

How are kidney stones diagnosed?
Sometimes “silent” stones—those that do not cause symptoms—are found on x rays taken during a general health exam. If they are small, these stones would likely pass out of the body unnoticed.

More often, kidney stones are found on an x ray or sonogram taken on someone who complains of blood in the urine or sudden pain. These diagnostic images give the doctor valuable information about the stone’s size and location. Blood and urine tests help detect any abnormal substance that might promote stone formation.

The doctor may decide to scan the urinary system using a special test called a CT (computed tomography) scan or an IVP (intravenous pyelogram). The results of all these tests help determine the proper treatment.

How are kidney stones treated?
Fortunately, surgery is not usually necessary. Most kidney stones can pass through the urinary system with plenty of water (2 to 3 quarts a day) to help move the stone along. Often, you can stay home during this process, drinking fluids and taking pain medication as needed. The doctor usually asks you to save the passed stone(s) for testing. (You can catch it in a cup or tea strainer used only for this purpose.)

The First Step: Prevention
If you’ve had more than one kidney stone, you are likely to form another; so prevention is very important. To prevent stones from forming, your doctor must determine their cause. He or she will order laboratory tests, including urine and blood tests. Your doctor will also ask about your medical history, occupation, and eating habits. If a stone has been removed, or if you’ve passed a stone and saved it, the laboratory should analyze it because its composition helps in planning treatment.

You may be asked to collect your urine for 24 hours after a stone has passed or been removed. The sample is used to measure urine volume and levels of acidity, calcium, sodium, uric acid, oxalate, citrate, and creatinine (a product of muscle metabolism). Your doctor will use this information to determine the cause of the stone. A second 24-hour urine collection may be needed to determine whether the prescribed treatment is working.

Lifestyle Changes
A simple and most important lifestyle change to prevent stones is to drink more liquids—water is best. If you tend to form stones, you should try to drink enough liquids throughout the day to produce at least 2 quarts of urine in every 24-hour period.

People who form calcium stones used to be told to avoid dairy products and other foods with high calcium content. But recent studies have shown that foods high in calcium, including dairy products, may help prevent calcium stones. Taking calcium in pill form, however, may increase the risk of developing stones.

You may be told to avoid food with added vitamin D and certain types of antacids that have a calcium base. If you have very acidic urine, you may need to eat less meat, fish, and poultry. These foods increase the amount of acid in the urine.

To prevent cystine stones, you should drink enough water each day to dilute the concentration of cystine that escapes into the urine, which may be difficult. More than a gallon of water may be needed every 24 hours, and a third of that must be drunk during the night.

Foods and Drinks Containing Oxalate
People prone to forming calcium oxalate stones may be asked by their doctor to cut back on certain foods if their urine contains an excess of oxalate:

beets
chocolate
coffee
cola
nuts
rhubarb
spinach
strawberries
tea
wheat bran
People should not give up or avoid eating these foods without talking to their doctor first. In most cases, these foods can be eaten in limited amounts.

Surgical Treatment
Surgery should be reserved as an option for cases where other approaches have failed. Surgery may be needed to remove a kidney stone if it does not pass after a reasonable period of time and causes constant pain. It is too large to pass on its own or is caught in a difficult place blocks the flow of urine causes ongoing urinary tract infection, damages kidney tissue or causes constant bleeding has grown larger (as seen on followup x ray studies).
Until 20 years ago, surgery was necessary to remove a stone. It was very painful and required a recovery time of 4 to 6 weeks. Today, treatment for these stones is greatly improved, and many options do not require major surgery.

And they are :Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Ureteroscopic Stone Removal

Hope Through Research
The Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) funds research on the causes, treatments, and prevention of kidney stones. NIDDK is part of the Federal Government’s National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.

New drugs and the growing field of lithotripsy have greatly improved the treatment of kidney stones. Still, NIDDK researchers and grantees seek to answer questions such as

Why do some people continue to have painful stones?

How can doctors predict, or screen, those at risk for getting stones?

What are the long-term effects of lithotripsy?

Do genes play a role in stone formation?

What is the natural substance(s) found in urine that blocks stone formation?
Researchers are also working on new drugs with fewer side effects.

PREVENTION POINTS TO REMEMBER

If you have a family history of stones or have had more than one stone, you are likely to develop more stones.

A good first step to prevent the formation of any type of stone is to drink plenty of liquids—water is best.

If you are at risk for developing stones, your doctor may perform certain blood and urine tests to determine which factors can best be altered to reduce that risk.

Some people will need medicines to prevent stones from forming.

People with chronic urinary tract infections and stones will often need the stone removed if the doctor determines that the infection results from the stone’s presence. Patients must receive careful followup to be sure that the infection has cleared.

Natural Remedies For Kidny Stones:

Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.This is purely for educational purpose.

Help taken from:www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov

Categories
Ailmemts & Remedies

Gout

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Gout is a form of arthritis that is a painful inflammation and swelling of the joints caused by the buildup of uric acid in the body. Certain foods cause gout so diet plays a role. Treatment of gout can be acheived through medication and proper diet.

At least one male in a hundred over age 40 suffers from gout. Women can develop it too, mainly after menopause. Though people with gout feel fine much of the time, an attack can occur without warning, bringing on breath-catching joint pain that demands fast-acting, effective relief.

click to see the pictures of gout

Symptoms:

The most common gout symptom is sudden, severe attacks of pain, tenderness, redness, warmth and swelling in some joints. It usually affects one joint at a time, especially the joint of the big toe, but can also affect the knee, ankle, foot, hand, wrist and elbow. Redness and swelling in affected joint or joints.
Kidney stones develop occasionally, causing fever, severe low back pain, nausea, vomiting, or a swollen abdomen. Deposits of uric acid, called tophi, can appear as lumps under the skin around the joints and at the rim of the ear. In addition, uric acid crystals can also collect in the kidneys and cause kidney stones.

What It Is
Gout is a metabolic disorder linked to high levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid, a by-product of various body processes, is also formed after eating certain foods. The body rids itself of uric acid through the urine. But some people produce too much uric acid — or can’t dispose of it fast enough — and levels build up. Often, the excess uric acid is converted into needle-shaped crystals that settle in and around joints and other tissues, triggering inflammation and the excruciating pain associated with gout.

Causes of Gout
This is one of the few types of arthritis where the cause is known. It results from deposits of needle-like crystals of uric acid in the connective tissue, joint spaces, or both. Normally this is a byproduct of the breakdown of purines or waste products in the body. Normally uric acid breaks down in the blood and is eliminated in urine. When the body increases its production of uric acid or if the kidneys do not eliminate enough of it from the body, levels build up. This is called hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia is not a disease and is not dangerous. However, if excess uric acid crystals form as a result of hyperuricemia, gout can develop.

Gout does have a genetic basis in 20 per cent of cases, and does tend to cluster in families. It is inherited through the X chromosome. Women are carriers of the defective gene, but seldom develop the disease as they have two X chromosomes. The normal chromosome suppresses the defective one. Men develop the disease.

Environment and diet also play an important role. Not everyone with a high uric acid level develops joint pain. Also, not everyone with the gene develops gout.

Foods that Cause Gout
Some people may benefit from a reduction of purine rich foods. These include beer and other alcoholic beverages, anchovies, sardines (in oil), fish roes, herring, yeast, organ meats (e.g., liver, kidneys), legumes (e.g., dried beans, peas, and soybeans), meat extracts, consommé, gravies, mushrooms, spinach, asparagus, cauliflower, and poultry. Weight loss can help reduce uric acid levels in those people that are overweight.
Modern Gout Treatment

Although there is no cure, most people with gout can keep it under control and lead normal lives. Treatment may consist of one treatment or a combination of treatments.

Gout Medications

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block prostaglandins, the substances that dilate blood vessels and cause inflammation and pain. They are taken orally at their highest safe dosage as long as symptoms persist and for three or four days after. There are dozens of NSAIDs. Indomethacin (Indocin) is the usual choice.

Colchicine, a derivative of the autumn crocus, has been used to treat gout for thousands of years. This drug relieves the pain and swelling and can help prevent future attacks. Although highly effective, it is no longer the first treatment choice due to the potential for unpleasant side effects.

Corticosteroids may be used if NSAIDs are not tolerated.

Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim) blocks uric acid production and is the drug most often used in long-term treatment for older patients and those with high levels of excreted uric acid.
How is it diagnosed?
Standard diagnostic tools for gout may include a medical history and physical examination, a blood test for hyperuricemia, and urine sample. For a definitive diagnosis, a sample of synovial fluid from the affected joint is required. X-rays can provide helpful information in some cases.

What research is being done?

Scientists are studying whether other NSAIDs are effective in treating gout and are analyzing new compounds to develop safe, effective medicines to treat gout and other rheumatic diseases. For example, researchers are testing to determine whether fish oil supplements reduce the risk of gout. They are also studying the structure of the enzymes that break down purines in the body, in hopes of achieving a better understanding of the enzyme defects that can cause gout.
Click for more Gout web link

When to Call Your Doctor :If you experience symptoms of an acute gout attack — your doctor can prescribe medications to ease the initial pain.If you suffer the severe pain of passing a kidney stone.
Reminder: If you have a medical condition, talk to your doctor before taking supplements.
How Supplements Can Help
Uric acid can accumulate in the blood for years with no symptoms. An acute attack often happens suddenly and is best treated with conventional drugs. The main supplement that seems to help during an acute attack is bromelain. The others, taken together, may prevent future attacks. All can be safely used for long periods, though cherry extract, vitamin C, and nettle may be the simplest regimen to follow for long-term maintenance.

What Else You Can Do

Drink at least eight glasses of water a day to dilute the urine and help lower uric acid levels. Stay away from alcohol, which can trigger attacks.
Keep weight down. Obesity may play an important role in gout attacks.
Avoid fats, refined carbohydrates, excess protein, and, if you’re sensitive to purines, foods containing them (including organ meats, anchovies, legumes, oatmeal, spinach, asparagus, cauliflower, and mushrooms).
One of the oldest known remedies for gout — a drug called colchicine — is derived from the autumn crocus, also known as meadow saffron. Unfortunately, colchicine in pill form causes severe cramping and diarrhea in up to 80% of those who take it in the high doses needed to combat gout attacks. An injectable form of colchicine administered by your doctor, however, appears to work quickly and without side effects.
Eating fresh or canned cherries (a half pound a day) may help keep gout at bay by reducing levels of uric acid. Some people swear by them; and a small study conducted many years ago found that eating cherries may indeed lower uric acid levels. An easier way to get the benefits of cherries is to take 1,000 mg daily of cherry fruit extract pills (available at health-food stores). Strawberries, blueberries, celery, or celery seed extracts may have a similar beneficial effect.

Supplement Recommendations

Bromelain
Quercetin
Cherry Fruit Extract
Vitamin C
Nettle
Flaxseed Oil

Bromelain
Dosage: 500 mg every 3 hours during an attack; reduce to twice a day to help prevent further attacks.
Comments: Each dose should provide 2,000 GDU or 3,000 MCU.

Quercetin
Dosage: 500 mg twice a day between meals.
Comments: Take with bromelain to help prevent gout attacks.

Cherry Fruit Extract
Dosage: 1,000 mg 3 times a day following an acute attack.
Comments: Reduce dosage to 1,000 mg a day for maintenance.

Vitamin C
Dosage: 500 mg a day.
Comments: Add 500 mg every 5 days until you reach 1,000 mg twice a day. Reduce dose if diarrhea develops.

Nettle
Dosage: 250 mg standardized extract 3 times a day.
Comments: Also effective as a nettle tea compress applied to sore joints. (Use 1 or 2 tsp. dried herb per cup of hot water.)

Flaxseed Oil
Dosage: 1 tbsp. (14 grams) a day.
Comments: Can be mixed with food; take in the morning.

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Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.

Reources:

Your Guide to Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs (Reader’s Digest)

andhttp://www.arthritisinsight.com/medical/disease/gout.html

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