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Kupit-kupit

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Botanical Name : Merrremia emarginata (Burm. f) Hallier f
Family :         Convolvulacea
Genus :         Merremia
Species : Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f.


Other Scientific Names:Merrremia gangetica ,Convolvulus reniformis Roxb. ,Evolvulus emarginatus Burm f,Ipomoea reniformis (Roxb.) Sweet,Lepistemon reniformis Hassk.

Common Names:Kupit-kupit (Ilk.),Kidney-leaf morning glory (Engl.)

Habitat : Weedy in fields, roadsides, grasslands, on clay to sandy soils, forest floors; 0-200 m. Guangdong, Hainan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; Africa].

Description:
Herbs perennial, prostrate; axial parts sparsely hirtellous or glabrescent. Stems rooting at nodes, becoming tuberculate. Petiole 0.2-3.7 cm; leaf blade reniform to broadly ovate, 0.5-3.5 X 0.6-3.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely appressed pilose, base cordate, margin entire or coarsely crenate, apex obtuse to broadly rounded or slightly emarginate. Inflorescences subsessile, 1(-3)-flowered; bracts unequal, ovate to linear, pubescent, apex acute. Pedicel 2-4 mm. Sepals obovate to circular or subquadrate, ± pubescent abaxially, margin long ciliate; outer 2 sepals 2.5-3 mm, apex obtuse, hoodlike and distinctly mucronate; inner 3 sepals 3-6 mm, deeply emarginate. Corolla yellow, tubular-campanulate, 5-9 mm, midpetaline bands distinctly 5-veined, purplish tinged outside, inside pubescent basally; limb slightly 5-lobed. Filaments pubescent basally. Ovary glabrous. Capsule enclosed by persistent calyx, brown-black, ± globular, 5-6 mm, longitudinally grooved, glabrous, apiculate. Seeds grayish brown, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 30.

click & see the pictures

Stems roots at the nodes, and are 10 to 80 cm in length. Leaves are small, kidney-shaped to somewhat heart-shaped, 6 to 15 mm long, often wider than long, and irregularly toothed. Flowers, one to three, occur in short stalks in the axils of leaves. Sepals are rounded, about 4 mm long, with few to many white, weak hairs. Corolla is yellow, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Capsule is rounded and about 5 mm in diameter.

Considered deobstruent, diuretic, alterative.

Edible Uses:
In India, leaves eaten as greens. Young leaves are fried with groundnut oil and other spices and used with bread, called “Roti” made from Sorghum flour. Leaves are also used in soups.


Medicinal Uses:

Parts used :Leaves, tops.

Folkloric
*In the Philippines, decoction of leaves and tops used as diuretic.
*Leaves used as alterative; used in rheumatism and neuralgia.
*Also used for coughs and headache.
*In India, leaf juice given for migraine; also used as ear drops to relieve abscesses and ulcers. Root is used to treat diseases of the eyes and gums.

Studies :-
• Antioxidant / a-Amylase Inhibition / Cytotoxicity: In a study of several extracts, the methanol showed better antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging method. The methanol and hexane extracts exhibited a-amylase inhibitory activity. An ethyl acetate extract showed cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=14&id=1085
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018872
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kupit-kupit.html

http://malherbologie.cirad.fr/Adventrop/especes/m/mrrem/mrrem_a.html

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Purple allamanda

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Botanical Name :Cryptostegia grandiflora
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Cryptostegia
Order: Gentianales
Kingdom: Plantae
Species: C. grandiflora
Scientific Names : Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Br. ,Nerium grandiflora Roxb.

Common Names :Indian rubber vine (Engl.),Purple allamanda (Engl.)

Habitat : Native to south-west Madagascar. It is also a significant weed in northern Australia, sometimes regarded in fact, as the worst weed in all of Australia. It has also been introduced to most other tropical and subtropical regions by man, because of its attractive flowers and the fact that its latex contains commercial quality rubber (hence the name). It is now naturalised in the Caribbean, East Africa, Mauritius, India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the southern United States, Fiji and New Caledonia.It is Introduced in Philippines.Occasionally planted for ornamental purposes.Now, pantropic.

Description:
A rubber vine can grown up to 2 metres (m) tall as a shrub, but when it is supported on other vegetation as a vine, it can reach up to 30 metres in length. Rubber vine prefers areas where annual rainfall is between 400 and 1400 millimetres (mm), and is well adapted to a monsoonal climate. It can grow maximally on an annual rainfall of 1700 millimetres, but seeds that get an annual rainfall of 400 millimetres or less means rubber vine thrives on (in fact, requires) the extreme variability of rainfall and streamflow. This is a characteristic of central Queensland. The extreme variability (four times that of other countries to which it has been introduced) is almost certainly why rubber vine has become a major weed in Australia and not any other country in which it has been introduced.

You may click to see the pictures.....(01).….(1).…..(2)….(3)…….(4)
..
Vine to subshrub.  Stems with numerous, small lenticels.  Lamina elliptic to orbicular, up to 10 cm long and 6.3 wide, glabrous; 11-13 secondary veins per side of midrib; tip acute; base cuneate; petiole 7-20.8 mm long, 0.9-3 mm diameter.  Cyme of 1 or 2 fascicles.  Flowers 5-6 cm long, 5-8.8 cm diameter; pedicels 4.2-8.5 mm long, 3-6.2 mm diameter, glabrous.  Calyx lobes lanceolate-ovate, 11.9-18.7 mm long, 5.6-9.8 mm wide.  Corolla pale pink to white; tube 1.9-4.5 cm long, 11.2-17 mm diameter; lobes 21-43 mm long, 13-22.5 mm wide.  Corolline corona of 5 bilobed filaments in throat of tube; each lobe ca 10 mm long overall, bilobed portion ca 8 mm long.  Staminal column 2-3 mm long, 3-4 mm diameter; anthers 4-4.5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide.  Translators obtuse, ca 3 mm long and 1.5 mm wide.  Style-head conical, ca 3.5 mm long and 2.5 mm diameter.  Ovaries ca 4 mm long and 2 mm wide.  Follicles fusiform-ovoid, 10-15.4 cm long, 2.1-4 cm diameter; seeds 5.2-9.7 mm long, 1.6-2.8 mm wide; coma white, 18.9-38 mm long.” (Marohasy and Forster, 1991; pp. 574-575).

“Woody ornamental lactiferous climber with opposite simple oblong shortly acuminate short-petiolate leaves 4-10 cm long, 3-5 cm wide; cymes of about 6-12 large reddish-purple flowers (sometimes lighter pink-violet); calyx-lobes about 1.2 cm long; corolla about 5 cm long (in bud); follicles 7.5-8.5 cm long.  The flowers resemble those of the purple Allamanda (Allamanda violacea)” (Stone, 1970; p. 487).

“Can be distinguished from C. madagascariensis by its stems with smaller, more numerous lenticels; leaf blades with 11-13 pairs of secondary veins; larger corollas (2-2.5 inches long); 2-lobed corona filaments; and larger fruit (4-6.25 inches long)”  (Staples & Herbst, 2005; p. 142).

Medicinal Uses:
Parts used :Leaves
Folkloric
No reported folkloric medicinal use in the Philippines.
In Madagascar, reportedly used for criminal purposes and against vermin.
Powdered leaves, mixed with water, when swallowed can cause persistent vomiting after half an hour; death in 15 hours.

Studies
• Antiviral: In a study of medicinal plants for its antiviral activity, Cryptostegia grandiflora showed partial activity at higher concentraions.
• Cardiac glycosides: Study of the leaves of C. grandiflora yielded four news cardiac glycosides: crptostigmin I to IV together with two known cardenolides.
• Antibacterial: Study of the different extracts of Cryptostegia grandiflora was done for antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas cepacia, B megatorim, S aureus, E coli B subtilis. Almost all extracts produced significant antibacterial activity against all the microorganisms, comparable to standard antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride. The petroleum ether extract showed maximum efficacy.
• Latex Pro-Inflammatory Activity: Study investigating the pro-inflammatory activity of the latex of C grandifolia was investigated. Results showed the soluble proteins of the latex induced strong inflammatory activity, enlarged vascular permeability and increased myeloperoxidase acticvity locally in rats. It concludes that the latex of CG is a potent inflammatory fluid and implicates lactifer proteins in that activity.

Other Uses:Grown as a beautiful flower plant in house garden.

Known Hazards : Plant considered an irritant and poisonous.Leaves are toxic.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showimage/12188/
http://www.stuartxchange.com/IndianRubberVine.html
http://www.hear.org/pier/species/cryptostegia_grandiflora.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptostegia_grandiflora

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Duhat-matsing

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Botanical Name :Polyalthia suberosa Roxb.
Family : Annonaceae
Other scientific names: Uvaria suberosa Roxb.  ,Phaeanthus cumingii Vidal ,Phaeanthus malabaricus
Common names :  Baling-manok (Tag.),  Lanutan (Tag.),Duhat-duhatan (Tag.,) Tagputagpuan (Tag.),Naves Duhat-matsing (Tag.) Munat (Ilk.),Duyat-nasi (Pamp.)

Habitat : Duhat-matsing is rather common in thickets at low and medium altitudes in Luzon (Cagayan to Laguna ); and in Mindanao. It also occurs in India to southern China and Malaya.

Description:
This is a Perennial  shrub or small tree growing to a height of 2 to 4 meters. The leaves are oblong to narrowly obovate-oblong and 5 to 11 centimeters long. The flowers are solitary, pale-yellow, 1 centimeters long or less, on slender pedicels, and 1 to 2 centimeters long. The sepals and petals are slightly hairy. The fruit is numerous, ovoid or globose, 4 to 5 millimeters long, purple, fleshy and edible.

You may click to see the pictures
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Edible uses:The fruits are eaten.
.CLICK & SEE

Constituents
• Study yielded an azaanthracene alkaloid, kalasinamide, from the stems of P. suberosa., together with the known N-trans-feruloyltyramine and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine.
• Study isolated two new 2-substituted furans from the stems of P. suberosa.
• Leaves contain alpha- and beta-amyrin, lupeol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. Stems and leaves contain triterpene, suberosol, which have shown anti-HIV replication activity. Stem bark yields alkaloids, oxostephanine and lanuginosine, which has shown antibacterial activity.

Properties
• Anti-HIV replication activity and antibacterial activity.

Medicinal Uses
Parts used : Fresh roots
Folkloric
Decoction of fresh roots used as abortifacient.

Studies
• Furans / Antiviral Activity: 2-substituted furans from Polyalthia suberosa: Two new 2-substituted furans, 1-(2-furyl)pentacosa16,18-diyne and 23-(2-furyl)tricosa-5,7-diynoic acid, were isolated from the stems of P. suberosa. These compounds, with kalasinamide, N-trans-feruloyltyramine and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine showed anti-HIV activities.
• Anti-HIV Activity: Anti-AIDS Agents, 9. Suberosol, a New C31 Lanostane-Type Triterpene and Anti-HIV Principle from Polyalthia suberosa: In the course of searching for anti-HIV agents, a new triterpene, suberosol, was isolated and studied for anti-HIV activity. (Publ.1993)
• Cytotoxic: Study isolated four new styryl-lactones, crassalactones A-D together with seven known compounds from an extract of leaves and twigs of PC. Cytotoxic evaluation against mammalian cancer lines were done on all the new isolates.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://regionalconservation.org/ircs/database/plants/PlantPage.asp?TXCODE=Polysube

Click to access duhat-matsing.pdf

http://www.rspg.or.th/plants_data/kp_bot_garden/kpb_03-3.htm

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Kalayo

Botanical Name :Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Blume
Family: Sapindaceae
Genus: Erioglossu
Spesies: Erioglossum rubiginosum
Kingdom: Plantae (Tumbuhan)
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Tumbuhan berpembuluh)
Super Divisi: Spermatophyta (Menghasilkan biji)
Division: Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan berbunga)
Order: Sapindales

Scientific Names : Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) Blume,Erioglossum edule Blume,Sapindus rubiginosus Roxb.Sapindus edulis Blume,Moulinsia rubiginosa G. Don.

Local names: Aboi (P. Bis.); balinaunau (P. Bis.); balit (C. Bis.); barit (P. Bis.); buli-buli (C. Bis., P. Bis.); buri-buri (P. Bis.); duka (Bis.); kalangkangin (Tagk.); kalayo (Tag.); kalimaiu (Tag.); lagui (Ting.); lingadrau (Tag.); magasilad (Mbo.); malasaging-puti (Tag.); palatangan-a-nalabaga (Ilk.); tagurirong (P. Bis.); togoriron (P. Bis.); usau-usau (Sul.).

Habitat :Kalayo is found common in forests at low and medium altitudes throughout the Philippines, in most provinces and islands. It also occurs in India through Malaya to tropical Australia.

Description:
This is a shrub or small tree, with a compact, bushy crown. All parts are covered with hairs. The leaves are pinnate and 15 to 50 centimeters long with 4 to 6 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are narrowly elliptic, 7.5 to 18 centimeters long, 3 to 7 centimeters wide, and blunt at both ends. The flowers are very fragrant, white, about 5 millimeters wide, and arranged in small groups in upright panicles 12 to 30 centimeters long. The fruit is about 1 centimeter long and covered with fine hairs; in ripening it turns successively yellow, orange, purple, and nearly black having, when ripe, a thin juicy, sweetish, slightly astringent pulp.
.click to. see the pictures..>.….(01)...(1)…..…(2)..…..(3)…....(4).….

Edible Uses: Fruit is edible, but for some, not a pleasant edibility.In Java, shoots are used as vegetable.

Medical Uses:
Parts used: Roots, leaves and seeds.

Folkloric
*Astringent roots are used as decoction for fevers.
*Malays use a poutice of leaves and roots to the head during a fever and the body for skin problems.
*In the Dutch Indies, leaves are used for poulticing.
*Decoction of seeds used for whooping cough.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Kalayo.html

Click to access kalayo.pdf

http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=536
http://dictionary.tovnah.com/topic/fruit/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F

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Huniyan

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Botanical Name : Premna herbacea Roxb.
Family : Verbenaceae/Lamiaceae
Subfamily : Viticoideae
Genus :Premna
Species :Premna herbaceaI
Order : Lamiales

Scientific names:
Premna herbacea Roxb.
Premna timoriana H. Lam.
Pygmaeopremna humilis Merr.

Common names: Huniyan (Buk.),Qian jie cao (Chin.)

Habitat :In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes in Cagayan, Isabela, Bontoc, and Nueva Viscaya Provinces in Luzon, and in Mindanao. Dry places; 200-1700 m. Hainan, W Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
Native of
•ASIA-TEMPERATE
China: China – Yunnan [w.]
•ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka
Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
Malesia: East Timor; Indonesia – Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines
•AUSTRALASIA
Australia: Australia – Northern Territory [n.], Western Australia

Description:
Huniyan is a small, inconspicuous undershrub growing up to 15 cm in height, produced from stout, elongated, woody rootsz, with hardly any stems. Roots are about as thick as a crowquill with numerous, almost-globular, woody knots. Leaves are simple, obovate-oblong or obovate, up to 13 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and pointed at both ends, with entire and irregularly toothed margins. Stalks are very short, 2 to 4 mm long. Flowers are greenish-white, 4-parted, and borne on short, terminal inflorescences about 1 cm long. Fruit is black, broadly obovoid, and 4 to 5 mm in diameter…….click & see

click to see the picture

Cultivated:
•ASIA-TROPICAL
Indian Subcontinent: India; Sri Lanka

Constituents:
* Root contains an orange-brown acid resin (soluble in ether, alcohol and alkaline solutions), traces of an alkaloid, and starch.
* Study yielded sirutekkone, a diterpenoid.

Medicinal Uses:
Folkloric
*In India, the juice of the root, mixed with juice of ginger and warm water, given for asthma.
*Bitter root is considered as stomachic; given fro rheumatism and dropsy.
*Root bark used for toothache.
*Leaves are used for fever, cough, rheumatism; poultices applied to boils.
*In Ayurveda, alone or as ingredient, used for bronchitis, asthma, hypertension, tumors, inflammation, hiccough, epilepsy and helminthiasis.

Studies :-
• Antipyretic / Antinociceptive / Anti-Inflammatory: Study of alcoholic extract of roots of Premna herbacea in animal models showed significant antipyretic activity in rabbits, mild nociceptive activity in mice, and significant activity in chronic inflammation.
• Toxicity Study: Alcoholic extract was found to be safe up to a dose of 8.0 g/kg in mice.
• Bharangin / Cytotoxic Properties: Bharangin, a novel diterpenoid quinonemethid, has been isolated from the hexane extract of root nodules. Bharangin exhibited cytotoxic properties against P-338 tumor cell line.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resource:
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Huniyan.html
http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Premna_herbacea
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210001751
http://pg.pharm.su.ac.th/activity/saitong/saitong2.htm

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