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Being Gay is Natural

Homosexuality is widespread in several species, ranging from worms to insects, birds to dolphins, sheep to reptiles. What is more, it serves a purpose:-
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Biologist Nathan Bailey’s recent scientific conclusions may be a shocker for the religious leaders or self-professed moral guardians who are indignant at the recent Delhi High Court ruling decriminalising sexual intimacy between same sex individuals in India.

While some argue that homosexual behaviour is “deviant” or “unnatural”, Bailey, a professor of evolutionary biology at the University of California, Riverside, has amassed scientific evidence that it might be as ubiquitous as life itself.

Bailey and colleague Marlene Zuk, who co-authored the study, collected several past research studies that reveal same sex behaviour — males having sex with males, females with females — in diverse species, from worms to insects, birds to dolphins, sheep to reptiles. While some of them are mere flings, others lead to lifelong relationships. Their study shows that it serves a purpose.

The study, which recently appeared in the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution, has listed as many as 14 animal species that exhibit homosexual tendencies. “It is by no means an exhaustive list, but it provides a starting point for those interested in obtaining further information and examples,” they say.

The variety and ubiquity of same sex sexual behaviour in animals is impressive. They found thousands of instances of same sex courtship, pair bonding and copulation in a wide range of species.

Domestic sheep exhibit it. Birds like the laysan albatross and zebra finch indulge in it. So do bonobo monkeys, chinstrap penguins, bottlenose dolphins and garter snakes. Behavioural biologists have recorded male-male pairing among insects like the flour beetle and African bat bug too.

In the past, researchers, investigating whether gay sex is genetically encoded, found that tweaking certain genes can turn fruit flies and roundworms into homosexuals.

The attempts to find a genetic link to homosexuality have a strong Indian connection. The first-ever such gene manipulation study was conducted by an Indian scientist Kulbir Singh Gill who was a visiting researcher at Yale University in the 1960s. Gill, while studying the genetic causes of female sterility, almost serendipitously found in 1963 that male flies lacking a gene — later named fruitless gene — court other males. Gill’s pioneering work opened the floodgates and many other scientists subsequently discovered several other genes whose manipulation yields varying types and degrees of male-male courtship in fruit flies.

“Same sex sexual behaviour has long been viewed as a fascinating puzzle from the evolutionary perspective. The most obvious mystery is why animals would engage in sexual behaviour that does not directly result in reproduction,” says Bailey who, along with Zuk, seeks to understand the significance of such acts in the evolution of species.

Interestingly, a closer examination by them led to several significant conclusions. Some species use same sex pairings as a social glue for bonding (bottlenose dolphins), while for others (the bonobos, dung flies) it is a tool to resolve intra-sexual conflicts. In certain other species like fruit flies, immature individuals use them as an opportunity for practice, but for flour beetles it is a ploy for indirect insemination. More often than not, male members among the beetles use same sex copulation to deposit sperm in other males, which then transfer it to females during subsequent opposite sex mating.

“The secret of the peaceful bonobo society appears to rest with their sexual behaviour; in their society sex is used to solve conflicts,” writes Morten Kringelbach, psychiatrist at the University of Oxford, in his recent book The Pleasure Center.

The authors of the new study think that there may be many more animal species indulging in homosexual behaviour. It is difficult to know their sexual orientation, as there are no means of knowing what their ‘desire’ is. “We can only observe what they do,” they say.

Qazi Rahman of Queen Mary, University of London, who has been studying homosexuality in humans, says genes responsible for such behaviour have a significant role in evolution. One reason nature keeps these genes intact — although they have no role in reproduction — is that they confer certain other traits. A certain dosage of gay genes is found to be beneficial even in heterosexual people because they might express traits that are more attractive to the opposite sex — like kindness, parental skills and co-operative traits. But a higher dosage of these genes leads to homosexuality, he adds.

“Evolution keeps genes for homosexuality intact because they benefit heterosexual carriers of those same genes,” Rahman, a scientist of Pakistani descent, told KnowHow. For instance, a study by Rahman and others, which appeared in the Journal of Sexual Archives last year, showed that gay men may tend to come from larger families with more fertile females. In other words, the females in gay men’s families “outreproduce” those in heterosexual men’s families.

Kringelbach says homosexual behaviour is a natural phenomenon in all human societies. Quoting American sex researcher Alfred C Kinsey, who studied in the 1940s and 1950s sexual habits, he says 37 per cent of all men have homosexual experiences, 10 per cent have homosexual relationships lasting longer than three years, and 4 per cent are exclusively homosexual throughout life. “The exact numbers have been disputed but it remains a fact that all serious sex studies have found that homosexuality is naturally occurring among both men and women,” Kringelbach told KnowHow.

Bailey hopes that scientific contributions from animal studies will shed more light than heat on the topic of same sex sexual behaviour.

Source: The Telegraph (Kolkata, India)

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Health Quaries

Some Health Quaries & Answers

Varicose Veins.:-
Q: I am 71 years old and have varicose veins in both legs. They ache, pain, prick and cause me a great deal of trouble. I wear the prescribed stockings but in summer the legs itch unbearably. I take precautions like not standing in one place for a long time. I also keep my feet elevated while lying down. I cannot sleep because of the pain. I saw an advertisement for natural treatment. What should I do?

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A: Compression stockings are effective if used properly. They have to be put on the first thing in the morning and then worn all day. They act by steadily squeezing the leg muscles so that the blood in the veins moves more efficiently. If the pain remains unbearable despite this, there are several surgical treatment options like laser, stripping, clipping, and endoscopic surgery.

Advertisements claiming “unique”, “permanent” or “painless” non-surgical methods or alternative medications to cure varicose veins may seem appealing. But it pays to be a cautious. The results are often unsatisfactory. Clarify health risks, the possible side effects and costs before actually undergoing any procedure or taking any non-prescribed medication.

Cervical cancer:
Q: My mother has cervical cancer and I am worried that I may get it too. What can I do?

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A: Breast and ovarian cancers are associated with changes in certain genes (BRAC1 and BRAC2) which can be inherited, but cervical cancer does not fall in this category. It does not run in families. The main risk factors for the development of this cancer are sex at a young age, multiple partners, smoking and infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV).

• The best protections against cervical cancer are:

• protected sex using a condom

• not smoking

• having a regular cervical smear (pap smear) once every three years if you are under 50 and every five years after that.

Immunisation against HPV is now available and can be given from the age of nine years.

You may click to see:->Womens Health Issues

Try IVF
Q: I have been married for nine years and am 33 years old. I was found to have bilateral hydrosalpinx. I want to conceive. Doctors are suggesting IVF ( in vitro fertilisation) by clipping both the fallopian tubes. Is there any other way?

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A: The fallopian tubes carry the egg to the uterus. In bilateral hydrosalpinx, both the fallopian tubes are blocked with fluid. This greatly reduces the chances of a normal pregnancy. If an egg is fertilised, there is a good chance that it may be unable to proceed further and remain and develop in the tube itself. This is called an ectopic pregnancy and is dangerous. By clipping the tubes and placing the fertilised egg directly in the uterus, the doctor is ensuring that this does not occur and that the pregnancy proceeds smoothly.

You may click to see:->http://hissciibbio.tumblr.com/

Delayed urination
Q: I cannot urinate immediately when I feel like doing so. There is a delay during which I have to strain and concentrate. There is no pain. I did not have this problem earlier. I was told that I have developed a large bladder capacity and that there was no need to worry.

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A: The bladder does not suddenly enlarge. It is likely to do so if there is an obstruction, like an enlarged prostrate, in the outflow tract.

Straining to pass urine shows that this must be the case. It can eventually cause a backward flow of urine into the ureters (tubes arising from the kidney) from the bladder. This will cause urinary tract infection. The condition needs further investigation, with an ultrasound of the abdomen and X-rays. It cannot be dismissed lightly. You need to see an urologist.

You may click to see:->Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Bald dad
Q: I am a 19-year-old girl and my 50-year-old father has got a bald patch over his head. Will I develop one too?

A: Baldness occurs through the expression of a gene carried on the X chromosome. Women receive two X chromosomes, one from the father and one from the mother. Even if one chromosome (from the father) carries the gene for baldness, it is balanced by the other normal gene. Women are also protected to some extent by their female hormones. They can become bald or lose hair after menopause if both their X chromosomes carry the baldness gene. It is usually a much milder form than that which occurs in men.

Can’t eat bananas :-
Q: My 17-year-old daughter always has palpitations if she is forced to eat bananas. Why?

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A: Bananas contain a chemical called serotonin. Some people can have an allergic reaction to serotonin and develop symptoms like abdominal pain, cramping and palpitations. Most food allergy or food intolerance reactions usually happen within a few minutes to a few hours after eating. Most mild to moderate reactions last less than a day. Sensitivity and its symptoms can increase over time unless bananas are avoided.

Sources: The Telegraph (Kolkata, India)

 
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News on Health & Science

Remedy for Strokes

Mild electrical stimulation shows promise in reviving stroke-damaged brains:-

Shova Paul, a 55-year-old housewife, was rushed to the emergency unit of a hospital after she was found lying on the floor of the toilet well past midnight. A quick examination and a subsequent brain scan revealed an awake and alert patient unaware of her illness (anosognosia). She had lost senses on the left side of the body (hemiplegia) and the brain image showed tell-tale signs of damage in the movement and language centres (sensorimotor cortex and Broca’s area). While recording the obvious signs of a severe cerebral stroke the doctor could apprehend what was coming: even after the best possible medical care, she wouldn’t be able to move, speak, read, write or comprehend what others were saying.

Now, two years after that incident, Paul leads a hemiplegic’s life. Like countless other hapless stroke survivors, she can’t move on her own, speaks with a slurred accent and has an impaired vision. To regain some control of the damaged muscles and relearn simple chores she undergoes a rehabilitation regime, which includes prolonged physiotherapy and psychological counselling.

Yet the lives of hundreds of thousands of stroke survivors like Paul can be dramatically transformed by a simple, inexpensive technique developed many decades ago, but largely forgotten. According to a new study reported last week, electrical brain stimulation — a procedure that delivers mild electric current to the brain non-invasively — has been shown to help severely affected stroke patients recover their ability to move and speak. In the therapy, known as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a mild electrical jolt is passed to the brain through the scalp and skull of the patient — perceived as a slight tingle in the head. “The concept of using therapeutic electricity on excitable tissue such as that of the brain is not new, considering the attempts to cure epileptic disorders with electric catfish as early as in the 11th century (by an Arab physician called Ibn-Sidah),” writes Gottfried Schlaug, the principal investigator of the study which appeared in the journal Archives of Neurology. He also points out that in the late 19th century physicians had used mild electrical stimulation to treat patients with depression. According to Schlaug, a neurologist at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) at Harvard Medical School in Boston, non-invasive brain stimulation using tDCS is “fast re-emerging as an interventional tool to modulate the effects, and possibly treat the symptoms, of several neurological and psychiatric disorders.”

However tDCS should not be confused with its controversial cousin electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or electro shock, used for the treatment of severe depression. Unlike shock therapy — which is more drastic, giving a giant 600 milliampere (mA) buzz and affecting the entire brain, causing a seizure and memory loss — tDCS is much gentler (2mA) and more selective in the sense that it excites or inhibits brain regions directly underneath the positioned electrode. Moreover, ECT always requires the use of anaesthesia and is more invasive.
click to see the pictures>..…………..(1)…..…(2)...(3)
Schlaug and his collaborators at the BIDMC tested tDMC on 20 patients who had suffered a stroke about two-and-a-half years back and still had moderate to severe impairments. Patients performed 60 minutes of routine rehabilitation procedures each day for five days while also receiving a 30-minute session of either active electrical stimulation or a placebo (‘sham’ treatment designed to mimic electrical stimulation). A simple nine volt battery connected to a piece of moistened sponge was used to deliver the mild electrical jolt. Within a week, patients given the real treatment were found to perform better in basic motor tests such as grasping a cup. A brain scan showed that activity in the injured part of the brain increased after the treatment. Schlaug presented the findings of the research at a conference at San Francisco last week.

Although it is not yet clear exactly how tDCS works, Sclaug believes that the electrical stimulation augments recovery in stroke patients by re-establishing communication between the damaged and unaffected halves or hemispheres of the brain. In other words, a stroke creates an imbalance in the normal communication of the brain’s hemispheres such that the unaffected hemisphere becomes functionally dominant and inhibits the damaged hemisphere.

“There is no denying that tDCS has an immense potential for repairing the stroke-damaged brain, but the problem is that it is still in an experimental stage,” says Dr J.N. Roy, a stroke neurologist at the Advanced Medicare Research Institute (AMRI) in Calcutta, who had attended to Paul two years ago. “Unless there is a huge trial involving a large number of patients, and the underlying neurophysiological changes are properly explained, one can’t put it into use in a routine rehab programme,” he adds. In fact, Schlaug’s team is trying to understand better the changes that take place in the brain as patients recover.

Countless neurologists like Roy and patients like Paul around the world are waiting for their results.

Source:Thje Telegraph (Kolkata, India)

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The Neurostimulation Technology Portal

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Herbs & Plants

Bhut Jolokia/ Naga Chilli/ King Chilli

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Botanical Name:Capsicum Chinense Jacq
Family: Solanaceae
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Solanales
Genus: Capsicum
Species: C. chinense / C. frutescens
Subspecies: C. c. cultivar Naga Jolokia

Common Name:Naga Jolokia (English: King Cobra Chili) — also known as Bhut Jolokia, Ghost Chili, Ghost Pepper, California Death Pepper, Naga Morich.

Nomenclature
The Assamese word ‘‘jolokia’’ means the Capsicum pepper. The word N?ga means “King Cobra” in Sanskrit. The pepper is thought to originate from Nagaland in north-eastern India, and was originally named by the Naga people after the most venomous snake found in the region. The pepper’s fierce “bite” is akin to the venom of a king cobra. It’s also known as Naga Morich in Bangladesh and Bih Jolokia in the Indian state of Assam (Bih = ‘poison’, Jolokia = ‘chili pepper‘; in Assamese). Other names are Bhut Jolokia (Bhut = ‘ghost’, probably due to its ghostly bite or introduction by the Bhutias from Bhutan poison chili), Oo-Morok in Manipur (Oo = ‘Tree’, ‘Oo’ pronounced as in Book, Morok = ‘Chilli’), Borbih Jolokia, Nagahari, Nagajolokia, Naga Moresh and Raja Mirchi (‘King of Chillies’). Regardless of the nomenclature, they all refer to the same plant.

Ripe peppers measure 60 mm (2.4 in) to 85 mm (3.3 in) long and 25 mm (1.0 in) to 30 mm (1.2 in) wide with an orange or red color. They are similar in appearance to the Habanero pepper, but have a rougher, dented skin – a main characteristic of the Naga.

Habitat:Assam region of northeastern India. It also grows in the Indian states of Nagaland and Manipur.


Description:
Plant height  :  45-120 cm
Stem color :   Green
Leaf color  :  Green
Leaf length   :  10.65-14.25 cm
Leaf width  :5.4-7.5 cm
Pedicels/axil :   2
Corolla color :    Yellow green
Another color   :  Pale blue
Annular constriction   : Present below calyx
Fruit color at maturity    : Red

click to see the pictures..>……...(01)..…..(1).....(2).….(3)…….(4)…..
Fruit shape   :  Sub-conical to conical
Fruit length   :  5.95-8.54 cm
Fruit width at shoulder:     2.5-2.95 cm
Fruit weight : 6.95-8.97 g
Fruit surface   :  Rough, uneven
Seed color :    Light brown
1000 seed weight  :   0.41-0.46 g
Seeds/fruit  :   19.22-34.15
Hypocotyl color  :  Green
Cotyledonous leaf shape :   Deltoid

Scoville rating
In 2000, scientists at India’s Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) reported a rating of 855,000 units on the Scoville scale, and in 2004 an Indian company obtained a rating of 1,041,427 units through HPLC analysis. This makes it almost twice as hot as the Red Savina pepper, Guinness World Record holder at that time. For comparison, pure capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the pungency of pepper plants) rates at 15,000,000–16,000,000 Scoville units.

In 2005 at New Mexico State University Chile Pepper Institute near Las Cruces, New Mexico, Regents Professor Paul Bosland found Naga Jolokia grown from seed in southern New Mexico to have a Scoville rating of 1,001,304 SHU by HPLC.

In February 2007, Guinness World Records certified the Bhut Jolokia (Prof. Bosland’s preferred name for the pepper) as the world’s hottest chili pepper.

The effect of climate on the Scoville rating of Naga Jolokia peppers is dramatic. A 2005 Indian study that compared the percentage availability of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in Naga Jolokia peppers grown in both Tezpur (Assam) and Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) showed that the heat of the pepper is decreased by over 50% in Gwalior’s more arid climate (similar temperatures but less humid, much lower rainfall)
Click to learn more about HOTNESS OF BHUT JOLOKIA…(1).….(2) :..(3)

Uses
The pepper is used as a spice in food or eaten alone. One seed from a Naga Jolokia can produce sustained intense pain sensations in the mouth for up to 30 minutes before subsiding. Extreme care should be taken when ingesting the pepper and its seeds, so as to not get it in the eyes. It is used as a cure for stomach ailments.  In northeastern India the peppers are smeared on fences or used in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild elephants at a distance.

In 2009, Indian defense scientists claimed to have found a new place to use the chilies — in hand grenades. The scientists aim to use the Chillies to control rioters to immobilize people without killing them.

Medicinal Uses:
Used in medicine, as pickles, sauces, adding hotness to non vegetarian foods stuff etc. Due to its extraordinary pungency level, it is especially sutable for preparation of “Oleoresin Capsaicin” as well as extraction of Capsaicin. . It is used as a cure for stomach ailments. It is also used as a remedy to summer heat, presumably by inducing perspiration.

World record attempt
On 9 April 2009 Anandita Dutta Tamuly, a 26 year old Indian woman, ate 51 Naga Jolokia peppers in two minutes. The attempt took place in Jorhat, India and is expected to be accepted into the Guinness World Records. Celebrity chef and restaurateur Gordon Ramsay was present.

Disclaimer:The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Jolokia_pepper
http://www.greencover.org/Spices/King%20Chilli.html

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Red Apples, Berries Boost Fitness

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A new study has shown that a powerful antioxidant commonly found in the skin of red apples, red onions, berries and grapes could   increase endurance capacity without regular exercise training.

CLICK & SEE….>…...…RED APPLE …………RED ONION.…...BERRIES..…..GRAPES
Researchers from University of South Carolina‘s Arnold School of Public Health have revealed that fatigue-fighting and health properties of quercetin would have significant implications not only for athletes but also for average adults who battle fatigue and stress daily.

“The natural, biological properties of quercetin that include powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as the ability to boost the immune system and increase mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell) in muscle and brain is great news for those who often think that they’re too tired to exercise,” said Dr Mark Davis, the study’s lead author and a professor of exercise science.

“While there’s no magic pill to make people get up and move, or to take the place of regular exercise, quercetin may be important in relieving the fatigue that keeps them sedentary and in providing some of the benefits of exercise,” he added.

During the study, the researchers recruited 12 participants, who were randomly assigned to one of two treatments.

Half were given 500 milligrams of quercetin twice a day in Tang for seven days. The other subjects drank Tang with placebos.

They also tested their additional VO2max (maximal oxygen capacity), one of the most important measures of fitness.

The findings revealed that participants who received quercetin had a 13.2 percent increase in endurance and a 3.9 percent increase in VO2max.

“These were statistically significant effects that indicate an important improvement in endurance capacity in a very short time,” Davis said.

“Quercetin supplementation was able to mimic some of the effects of exercise training,” he added.

The study appears in International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism.

Source: The Times Of India

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