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Botanical Name : Delphinium denudatum
Family: Ranunculaceae (buttercups)
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Ranunculales
Genus: Delphinium
Species: D. denudatum

Synonyms:
*Delphinium denudatum var. latifolium Qureshi & Chaudhri.
*Delphinium denudatum var. linearifolium Qureshi & Chaudhri.
*Delphinium pauciflorum Royle.

Common Names: Jadwar, Nirvishi, Nirvisha
*English name: Jadwar
*Hindi Name:Jadwar, Nirbishi
*Sanskrit name: Avisha, Nirvisha, Vivisha
*Arabic name : Jadwar, Jadvara
*Kannada: Nirvishi
*Malayalam:Nirvasi
*Tamil: Nirbasi
*Sanskrit: Apavisha, Avisha, Nirvisha, Nirvishi

Habitat: Delphinium denudatum is native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of Tropical Africa. It is found in the Western Himalayas at altitudes above 2000m. Dry scrubby slopes and forest clearings, 1700 – 2300 metres.

Description:
Delphinium denudatum is a perennial but delicate herb, growing to 1 m (3ft 3in).
It is in flower from July to August. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs).

*Leaves are Simple, Alternate–Basal leaves with up to 15 cm long petioles, blade suborbicular, 3-5 partite, lobes obovate, deeply laciniate into suboblong lobes; upper leaves successively smaller.

*Flowers are Bisexual and the color is Panicleb lue or violet, stamen is 10, Spur is up to 15 mm long; upper petals white with purple tip, lower blue or violet.

*Fruits are follicles-15 mm long, no. of follicles are 3, up t0 15 mm long with 2-3 mm long beak with 6 seeds.

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Cultivation: Succeeds in most soils so long as they are rich and well-drained. Intolerant of winter-wet soils. Requires an open sunny position. This plant is adored by slugs. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants, especially legumes.

Propagation:
Through seed – sow March/April in a cold frame or May outdoors. Keep moist and in a shady position until germination takes place. The seed has a limited viability so it should be stored in a sealed container at about 3°c[200]. Temperatures above 15°c inhibit germination. The seed usually germinates in 2 – 9 weeks at 15°c[175]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer. Cuttings of basal shoots in April/May, taken before they become hollow at the base, and planted in a cold frame. Division in spring[111] or early autumn.

Edible Uses: Not Known.

Medicinal Uses:
It is one of the important drugs used as indigenous medicine in India, especially in Unani medicine. Its vernacular name is Jadwar.

The roots of the plant are reported to be useful in a variety of ailments such as aconite poisoning, brain diseases, fungal infection, piles and toothache as analgesic and astringent. A number of studies have been done on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties.

Its use in opium addiction is mentioned in some classical literature, which has been verified and validated in morphine-induced physical dependent de-addiction studies. Some species are reported to have been poisonous. Human Poisoning due to Delphinium Species in the Himalayan Region of Nepal: A Case Report Santosh Adhikari et al. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2020.

It is used in ayurveda for its neuroprotective and cardioprotective action in the poisoning of any substance. Due to its neuroprotective action, it benefits in vata disorders including hemiplegia, facial paralysis, and convulsions. It also has digestive action. So, it improves appetite and removes Ama Dosha. Due to this action, it is beneficial in all types of abdominal disorders with the dominance of Kapha dosha and Ama dosha.

Cough, Cold, Useful in poisoning, Wound healing, fever, Swelling, Skin disorders.

Other Uses: A parasiticide is obtained from the leaves. It is quite toxic and so is for external use only.

Known Hazards: All parts of the plant are toxic. The plant is most toxic when it is young.

Disclaimer : The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplement, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
https://ayurwiki.org/Ayurwiki/Delphinium_denudatum_-Nirvisha https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+denudatum https://www.ayurtimes.com/jadwar-delphinium-denudatum/ https://ayurwiki.org/Ayurwiki/Delphinium_denudatum-_Nirvisha

Botanical Name: Delphinium cashmerianum
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily:Ranunculoideae
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Ranunculales
Tribe: Delphinieae
Genus: Delphinium

Habitat:Delphinium cashmerianum is native to E. Asia – Western Himalayas in Kashmir and Tibet. It grows in the alpine areas from 3000 to 4800 metres.

Description:
Delphinium cashmerianum is a perennial herb, growing to 0.5 m (1ft 8in) by 0.3 m (1ft). It is in flower from June to July, and the seeds ripen from July to August. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs).
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil.

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Cultivation:
Delphinium cashmerianum prefers a rich well-drained soil that stays moist in the summer. Dislikes water-logged soils, it is liable to die out in heavy soils over winter. Requires an open sunny position. Plants are generally hardy to about -20°c. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants, especially legumes. Grows well in the rock garden. This species is closely related to C. brunonianum.

Propagation:
Through seed – sow March/April in a cold frame or May outdoors. Keep moist and in a shady position until germination takes place. The seed has a limited viability so it should be stored in a sealed container at about 3°c. Temperatures above 15°c inhibit germination. The seed usually germinates in 2 – 9 weeks at 15°c. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer. Cuttings of basal shoots in April/May, taken before they become hollow at the base, and planted in a cold frame. Division in spring or early autumn.

Edible Uses: Not known.

Medicinal Uses: The roots may be used medicinally, but waiting for further details.

Other Uses:
A parasiticide is obtained from the leaves. It is quite toxic and so is for external use only. In the Himalayas it is only used to destroy ticks on animals. The seed contains 30% of an oil that has industrial uses. The seed is very small, however, and it would require a large area of plants to obtain reasonable yields.

Known Hazards: All parts of the plant are toxic. The plant is most toxic when it is young.

Resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinium
https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+cashmerianum

Botanical Name: Delphinium caeruleum
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily:Ranunculoideae
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Ranunculales
Tribe: Delphinieae
Genus: Delphinium

Common Names: larkspur

Habitat: Delphinium caeruleum is native to E. Asia – Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim. It grows in the alpine areas from 2500 to 5000 metres.

Desacription:
Delphinium caeruleum is a perennial plant, growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 0.3 m (1ft in). Stem(s) erect or ascending, or much reduced. Leaves basal and/or cauline; leaf blade palmately divided. Inflorescence racemose or corymbose, sometimes only 1-flowered. Pedicels usually 2-bracteolate. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, petaloid and variously colored, upper one spurred. Petals 2, sessile, free, spurred; spur nectariferous. Staminodes 2, each usually with a slender claw and an expanded limb. Stamens numerous; filaments lanceolate-linear, 1-veined; anthers ellipsoid. Carpels 3(or 4–10); ovaries many ovulate. Styles without a distinct stigma. Follicles narrowly oblong, reticulate. Seeds obpyramidal, tetrahedral, or obovoid, narrowly winged along angles, transversely rugose, squamulose winged, lamellate, or concave reticulate

It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to september. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs).

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Cultivation:
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil.
Prefers a rich well-drained soil that stays moist in the summer. Dislikes water-logged soils, it is liable to die out in heavy soils over winter. Requires an open sunny position. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants, especially legumes.

Propagation:
Through seed – sow March/April in a cold frame or May outdoors. Keep moist and in a shady position until germination takes place. The seed has a limited viability so it should be stored in a sealed container at about 3°c. Temperatures above 15°c inhibit germination. The seed usually germinates in 2 – 9 weeks at 15°c. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer. Cuttings of basal shoots in April/May, taken before they become hollow at the base, and planted in a cold frame. Division in spring or early autumn.

Edible Uses: Not known.

Medicinal Uses: The roots have been used to kill maggots in the wounds of goats.

Other Uses: A parasiticide is obtained from the leaves and roots. It is quite toxic and so is for external use only.

Known Hazards: All parts of the plant are toxic. The plant is most toxic when it is young.

Disclaimer : The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplement, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinium
https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Delphinium+caeruleum
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109521

Botanical Name: Deguelia utilis
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Fabales
Tribe: Millettieae
Genus: Deguelia
Species: D. utilis

Synonyms : Lonchocarpus utilis A.C.Sm. Derris nicou auct Derris utilis (A.C.Sm.) Ducke Lonchocarpus nicou auct Lonchocarpus nicou utilis (A.C.Sm.) A.M.G.Azevedo

Common Names: Barbasco, cube, timbo, nicou, lancepod

Habitat: Deguelia utilis is native to S. America – Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guyanas. It grows in both dense, primary rainforest and also in more open areas of secondary growth, often as a relict of cultivation. It is found in a range of conditions, sometimes in soils subject to periodic flooding, often near rivers, in acid to neutral soils.

Discription:
Deguelia utilis is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing up to around 3 metres tall when young, but generally adopting a more climbing habit as it grows older with stems that can climb 15 metres into the surrounding trees.

It is one of the sources of rotenone, an organic insecticide used as a fish and ant poison. It is commonly found in South America. It has a symbiotic relationship with a certain soil bacteria that forms nodules on the roots and fixes atmospheric nitrogen.

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Cultivation:
A plant of the moist, lowland tropics, usually in areas with year-round rainfall. Succeeds in moderate sun to fairly deep shade so long as the top growth can climb towards the light. Prefers a neutral to acid soil, usually found on more or less clay soils in the wild. In some areas where it grows it is subject to periodic inundation of the soil. Some forms of this plant do not produce seed, probably as a result of long term cultivation with propagation by cuttings. This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby.

Propagation: Through seeds – Cuttings root easily.

Edible Uses: Not known

Medicinal Uses:
The plant contains some compounds similar to curare. Traditional healers crush the bark until a white milky substance exudes, they take one spoonful of this and retire. Twenty-four hours later they relate their visions to the tribes people.

Other Uses: The roots contain rotenone, which can be used as an insecticide.

Known Hazards: The plant contains rotenone and has been used traditionally as a fish poison- the rotenone kills or stuns the fish making them easy to catch, but the fish remain perfectly edible for mammals. Rotenone is classified by the World Health Organization as moderately hazardous. It is mildly toxic to humans and other mammals, but extremely toxic to many insects (hence its use as an insecticide) and aquatic life, including fish. This higher toxicity in fish and insects is because the lipophilic rotenone is easily taken up through the gills or trachea, but not as easily through the skin or the gastrointestinal tract. The lowest lethal dose for a child is 143 mg/kg, but human deaths from rotenone poisoning are rare because its irritating action causes vomiting. Deliberate ingestion of rotenone, however, can be fatal.
The compound decomposes when exposed to sunlight and usually has an activity of six days in the environment.

Disclaimer : The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplement, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deguelia_utilis
https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Deguelia+utilis

Botanical Name: Debregeasia longifolia
Family: Urticaceae
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Rosales
Genus: Debregeasia
Species: D. longifolia

Synonyms:
*Boehmeria angustata Hassk.
*Boehmeria dichotoma Hassk.
*Conocephalus niveus Wight
*Debregeasia angustifolia C.B.Rob.
*Debregeasia dichotoma (Blume) Wedd.
*Debregeasia libera J.J.Chien & C.J.Chen

Common Names: Orange Wild Rhea, Wild Rhea

Habitat:Debregeasia longifolia is native to E. Asia – China to the Himalayas.
It grow in shady, moist places by streams, forests in mountain valleys; 500-3200 m. W Hubei, SE Gangsu, W Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan [E Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, N Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].

Description:
Debregeasia longifolia is an evergreen Shrub or small trees 3-6 m to 5m tall, dioecious or monoecious. Branchlets slender, reddish or purplish brown; branchlets and petiole densely spreading hirtellous. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 mm, 2-cleft in distal 1/3; petiole 1-4 cm; leaf blade adaxially dark green, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, sometimes linear or narrowly ovate, 7-18(-23) × 1.5-5(-6.5) cm, papery, sometimes thinly so, 3-veined, lateral ones straight, reaching to middle, secondary veins 5-8(-10) on each side from basal 1/3, anastomosing at margin, abaxial surface thinly greenish gray or gray-white tomentose, densely hirtellous on veins, adaxial surface sparsely appressed strigose, sometimes rugose, base rounded or subcordate, rarely broadly cuneate, margin finely serrulate or denticulate throughout, apex acuminate. Inflorescences borne on current and previous years’ branches, 2-4-dichotomously branched, 1-2.5 cm; peduncle 0.3-3 cm, spreading hirtellous; glomerules globose, 3-4 mm in diam.; bracts triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm, membranous. Male flowers shortly pedicellate, obovoid in bud, 1.2-1.5 mm in diam.; perianth lobes 4, broadly ovate, puberulent abaxially, connate at middle, apex acute; rudimentary ovary sessile, obovoid, ca. 0.5 mm. Female flowers sessile, obovoid, ca. 0.8 mm; perianth tube membranous, 4-denticulate at apex. Achene reddish or orange, ca. 1-1.5 mm, enclosed by fleshy perianth and adnate to it.The fruit is up to 12mm in diameter.

It is in leaf all year, in flower from July to September, and the seeds ripen from October to February. The species is monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant).

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Cultivation:
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland). It prefers moist soil.
Prefers a fertile well-drained loam with some shelter at the hottest part of the day. Plants tolerate occasional lows to about -5°c. This species is probably not very hardy in Britain and will probably require greenhouse protection, though it might be possible to grow it outdoors in the mildest areas of the country, especially if it is given the protection of a warm wall. A very variable species. Dioecious, male and female plants must be grown if seed and fruit is required.

Propagation:
Through seed – sow late winter to mid-summer in a greenhouse and only just cover the seed. Germination usually takes place within 1 – 2 months at 20°c. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Softwood cuttings in early summer.

Edible Uses:
Fruits are edible, eaten – raw or cooked.

Medicinal Uses:
The juice of the leaves is applied to areas of the skin affected by scabies.

Other Uses:
A strong fibre is obtained from the stem bark. It is used for making twine and rope. Wood is used mainly for fuel.

Disclaimer : The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplement, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debregeasia_longifolia#cite_note-2
https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Debregeasia+longifolia
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006401