Month: June 2011

Categories
Ailmemts & Remedies

Lichen planus

Definition:
Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous disease that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. The disease presents itself in the form of papules, lesions, or rashes. Lichen planus does not involve lichens; the name refers to the appearance of affected skin. It is sometimes associated with certain medications and diseases, but is basically of unknown cause.
..You may click to see the pictures:-
Atrophic lichen planus.

Lichen planus 1

Lichen planus 2
About one in 50 people may develop the condition, which most commonly affects those between the ages of 30 and 60, and women slightly more often than men. It’s rare for children or older people to be troubled by lichen planus, though not impossible.

Classification:-
Lichen planus may be divided into the following types:

Configuration
——————-
*Annular lichen planus
*Linear lichen planus

Morphology of lesion
——————————-
*Hypertrophic lichen planus
*Atrophic lichen planus
*Vesiculobullous lichen planus
*Ulcerative lichen planus
*Follicular lichen planus
*Actinic lichen planus
*Lichen planus pigmentosus

Site of involvement
—————————-
*Lichen planus of the palms and soles (Palmoplantar lichen planus)
*Mucosal lichen planus
*Lichen planus of the nails
*Lichen planus of the scalp ( leading to cicatricial alopecia)
*Inverse lichen planus

Special forms
———————
*Drug-induced lichen planus
*Lupus erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome
*Lichen planus pemphigoides
*Keratosis lichenoides chronica
*Lichenoid reaction of graft-versus-host disease
*Lichenoid keratosis
*Lichenoid dermatitis

Symptoms:
The onset of the rash is usually gradual, often first appearing on the flexor surface of the limbs (i.e. the wrists or back of knees).

After a few days the rash becomes more widespread, and it may continue to spread for several weeks. LP may also affect the genitalia and the mucous membranes (including the mouth, larynx, tonsils, conjunctivae of the eye, the bladder, vulva and vagina, throughout the gastrointestinal tract and around the anus.)

The spots of lichen planus are flat topped and pink-purple in colour, and usually measure between 3mm and 5mm. Their surface is shiny and reflects light. They may appear in groups or along the line of an injury where the skin has been knocked or scratched.

Affected skin may become raised or hypertrophic, or thin (atrophic). Hypertrophic lesions are particularly itchy.

When looked at closely, irregular white streaks can be seen. These help to identify the spots as lichen planus and are called Wickham’s striae. The spots of lichen planus can be found in the skin creases of the wrists, elbows and ankles, and in the lower back and genital areas.

The Wickham’s striae often appear in the mouth too, on the cheeks and the gums where the white milky streaks are more easily seen and create a lacy, net-like appearance. Mouth ulcers develop, causing soreness that’s made worse by hot or spicy food.

Lichen planus can affect the scalp where it destroys the hair follicles causing patches of hair loss. Nails may be affected and become thin and damaged, forming a lengthways groove along the nail.

Causes:
The cause of oral lichen planus is unknown. The lesions that appear are the result of inflammation controlled by specific white blood cells called T lymphocytes. Normally, these cells are active at the site of disease or injury.

Doctors and researchers don’t know what prompts T lymphocytes to be activated in oral lichen planus. However, certain diseases, medical conditions or other factors may act as triggers of the inflammatory disorder in some people.

It is not contagious  and does not involve any known pathogen. Some lichen planus-type rashes (known as lichenoid reactions) occur as allergic reactions to medications for high blood pressure, heart disease and arthritis, in such cases termed drug-induced lichenoid reactions. These lichenoid reactions are referred to as lichenoid mucositis (of the mucosa) or dermatitis (of the skin). Lichen planus has been reported as a complication of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and can be a sign of chronic graft-versus-host disease of the skin (Lichenoid reaction of graft-versus-host disease). It has been suggested that true lichen planus may respond to stress, where lesions may present on the mucosa or skin during times of stress in those with the disease. Lichen planus affects women more than men (at a ratio of 3:2), and occurs most often in middle-aged adults. The involvement of the mucous membranes is seen frequently and usually is asymptomatic, but occasionally, LP can be complicated by extensive painful erosions. Lichen planus in children is rare. In unpublished clinical observation, lichen planus appears to be associated with hypothyroidism in 3 young females.

Allergic reactions to amalgam fillings may contribute to the oral lesions very similar to lichen planus, and a systematic review found that many of the lesions resolved after the fillings were replaced.

Lichen planus can be part of Grinspan’s syndrome.

Complications:

Cancer
Oral lichen planus may increase the risk of oral cancers, particularly a type known as squamous cell carcinoma. Take the following steps for cancer screening and prevention.

*Get oral cancer screenings annually or as directed by your doctor.

*If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Talk to your doctor to see if you should avoid alcohol completely.

*If you use any tobacco products, quit. Talk to your doctor if you need assistance ending a tobacco habit.

Esophageal problems
Lichen planus lesions in the esophagus may result in a narrowing of the esophagus or the formation of tightened, ring-like bands in the esophagus that can make swallowing difficult.

Treatment:
Care of OLP is within the scope of Oral medicine speciality. Currently there is no cure for lichen planus but there are certain types of medicines used to reduce the effects of the inflammation. Lichen planus may go into a dormant state after treatment. There are also reports that lichen planus can flare up years after it is considered cured.

Medicines used to treat lichen planus include:

*Oral and topical steroids.
*Oral retinoids
*immunosuppressant medications
*hydroxychloroquine
*tacrolimus
*dapsone

Non-drug treatments:

*UVB NarrowBand Phototherapy
*Aloe vera
*Purslane

Lifestyle and home remedies:-

In addition to regular medical and dental treatment, self-care measures may help improve your oral lichen planus symptoms or help prevent recurring episodes of severe symptoms. These include:

*Practicing good oral hygiene. Keep your mouth clean to reduce your symptoms and help prevent infection. Gently brush and floss your teeth daily. See your dentist twice a year for checkups and cleanings.

*Adjust your diet. Cut out spicy or acidic foods if they seem to trigger or worsen your symptoms.

Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.This is purely for educational purpose

Resources:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/lichenplanus1.shtml
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/oral-lichen-planus/DS00784/DSECTION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_planus
http://www.lichenplanus.com/app/lichen+planus.asp
http://www.uveitis.org/medical/articles/case/lichenplanus.html

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Herbs & Plants

Broom Moss

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Botanical Name :Dicranum scoparium
Family: Dicranaceae
Genus: Dicranum
Species: D. scoparium
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Subclass: Dicranidae
Order: Dicranales

Common Name :Broom Moss

Habitat :Broom Moss is native to North America, including the Great Lakes region.Grows on  Soil, humus, humus over rock, decaying stumps and logs, tree bases in dry to mesic woodlands.

Description:
Plants in loose to dense tufts, light to dark green, glossy to sometimes dull. Stems 2-10 cm, tomentose with white to brown rhizoids. Leaves very variable, usually falcate-secund, rarely straight and erect, slightly contorted and crisped when dry, sometimes slightly rugose or undulate, (4-)5-8.5(-15) × 0.8-1.8 mm, concave proximally, keeled above, lanceolate, apex acute to somewhat obtuse; margins strongly serrate in the distal 1/3 or rarely slightly serrulate; laminae 1-stratose; costa percurrent, excurrent, or ending before apex, 1/10-1/5 the width of the leaves at base, usually with 2-4 toothed ridges above on abaxial surface, with a row of guide cells, two thin stereid bands, adaxial epidermal layer of cells not differentiated, the abaxial layer interrupted by several enlarged cells that form part of the abaxial ridge, not extending to the apices; cell walls between lamina cells not bulging; leaf cells smooth; alar cells 2-stratose, well- differentiated, sometimes extending to costa; proximal laminal cells linear-rectangular, pitted, (25-)47-100(-132) × (5-)7-12(-13) µm; distal laminal cells shorter, broad, sinuose, pitted, (11-)27-43(-53) × (5-)8-12(-20) µm

Click to see the pictures…..…(01)......(1)……....(2).……....(3).…………………

Capsules mature spring.

Medicinal Uses:
The CH2Cl2 extract of Dicranum scoparium was found to possess pronounced antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicranum_scoparium
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200000987
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DISC71&photoID=disc71_005_ahp.jpg
http://www.herbnet.com/Herb%20Uses_AB.htm

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Ailmemts & Remedies

Leigh’s disease

Alternative Name :Subacute Necrotizing Encephalomyelopathy (SNEM)

Definition:
Leigh’s disease is a rare neurometabolic disorder that affects the central nervous system.  This progressive disorder begins in infants between the ages of three months and two years. Rarely, it occurs in teenagers and adults. Leigh’s disease can be caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA or by deficiencies of an enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase. Symptoms of Leigh’s disease usually progress rapidly. The earliest signs may be poor sucking ability,and the loss of head control and motor skills.These symptoms may be accompanied by loss of appetite, vomiting, irritability, continuous crying, and seizures. As the disorder progresses, symptoms may also include generalized weakness, lack of muscle tone, and episodes of lactic acidosis, which can lead to impairment of respiratory and kidney function.
CLICK & SEE THE PICTURES

In Leigh’s disease, genetic mutations in mitochondrial DNA interfere with the energy sources that run cells in an area of the brain that plays a role in motor movements. The primary function of mitochondria is to convert the energy in glucose and fatty acids into a substance called adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). The energy in ATP drives virtually all of a cell’s metabolic functions. Genetic mutations in mitochondrial DNA, therefore, result in a chronic lack of energy in these cells, which in turn affects the central nervous system and causes progressive degeneration of motor functions.
There is also a form of Leigh’s disease (called X-linked Leigh’s disease) which is the result of mutations in a gene that produces another group of substances that are important for cell metabolism. This gene is only found on the X chromosome.

It is named after Denis Archibald Leigh, a British psychiatrist who first described the condition in 1951

Symptoms:
The symptoms of Leigh’s disease usually begin between the ages of 3 months and 2 years. Since the disease affects the central nervous system, symptoms may include:

•poor sucking ability
•difficulty holding up the head
•losing motor skills the infant had such as grasping a rattle and shaking it
•loss of appetite
•vomiting
•irritability
•continuous crying
•seizures
As Leigh’s disease becomes worse over time, the symptoms may include:
•generalized weakness
•lack of muscle tone (hypotonia)
•episodes of lactic acidosis (accumulation of lactic acid in the body and brain) that may impair breathing and kidney function
•heart problems

Causes:
It is an inherited disorder that usually affects infants between the age of three months and two years, but, in rare cases, teenagers and adults as well. In the case of the disease, mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or in nuclear DNA (gene SURF1  and some COX assembly factors) cause degradation of motor skills and eventually death.

Mitochondria are an essential organelle in eukaryotic cells. Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria carry their own DNA, called mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]. The information stored in the mtDNA is used to produce several of the enzymes essential to the production of ATP.

Mutations in the mtDNA that cause the mitochondria to fail, to function improperly, a person is at risk for a number of disorders, including Leigh’s disease. In the case of Leigh’s disease, crucial cells in the brain stem have mutated mtDNA, creating poorly functioning mitochondria. This causes a chronic lack of energy in the cells, which, in turn, affects the central nervous system and inhibits motor functions.

Diagnosis:
Diagnosis of Leigh’s disease is based on the symptoms the infant or child has. Tests may show a deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase or the presence of lactic acidosis. Individuals with Leigh’s disease may have symmetrical patches of damage in the brain that may be discovered by brain scan. In some individuals, genetic testing may be able to identify the presence of a genetic mutation.

Treatment:
Leigh’s disease is a extremely rare disorder, and there is currently no cure, nor effective treatment. It usually affects infants under two years of age, but, in rarer cases, teenagers and adults as well. A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet may be recommended. Adults may have puffiness and/or swelling of the eye area and the hands. It is currently treated with thiamin (vitamin B1), but even with treatment, infants rarely live longer than two or three years after the onset of the disease. In cases of older people, the disease takes longer, but is still almost always fatal.

Drug treatments may be needed for epilepsy, movement problems, and cardiac or renal complications.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for individuals with Leigh’s disease is poor. Individuals who lack mitochondrial complex IV activity and those with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency tend to have the worst prognosis and die within a few years. Those with partial deficiencies have a better prognosis, and may live to be 6 or 7 years of age. Some have survived to their mid-teenage years.

Resrarch:
The NINDS supports and encourages a broad range of basic and clinical research on neurogenetic disorders such as Leigh’s disease. The goal of this research is to understand what causes these disorders and then to apply these findings to new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent them.

Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.This is purely for educational purpose

Resources:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/leigh1.shtml
http://rarediseases.about.com/od/mitochondrialdiseases/a/leighsdisease.htm
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/leighsdisease/leighsdisease.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh’s_disease
http://baby-braden.blogspot.com/2008/10/diagnosis-leighs-disease.html

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Herbs & Plants

Broom snakeroot

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Botanical Name : Gutierrezia sarothrae
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Astereae
Genus: Gutierrezia
Species: G. sarothrae
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Asterales

Synonyms:
Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby

GUDI3 Gutierrezia diversifolia Greene
GULE Gutierrezia lepidota Greene
GULI2 Gutierrezia linearifolia Lag.
GULI3 Gutierrezia linearis Rydb.
GULI4 Gutierrezia linoides Greene
GULO3 Gutierrezia longipappa S.F. Blake
GUPO2 Gutierrezia pomariensis (S.L. Welsh) S.L. Welsh
GUSAP Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby var. pomariensis S.L. Welsh
GUTE3 Gutierrezia tenuis Greene

Common Name :Common snakeweed, Matchweed, broom snakeweed Broom Snakeroot and Perennial matchweed

Habitat : Broom Snakeroot is native to much of the western half of North America, from central Canada to northern Mexico. It can be found in a number of desert, grassland, and mountain habitats.

Description:
Broom Snakeroot is a species of flowering plant.This is a dense, bushy subshrub reaching maximum heights around a meter. The multibranched stems and twigs are greenish or tan when young and age to woody brown. There are scattered narrow to thready leaves along the branches.

click to see…>…...(01).….(1).……..(2).…..…(3)..

The plant flowers abundantly in inflorescences of a few flowers each. The flower is about a centimeter long and bright golden yellow with a center of a few long, protruding disc florets and a fringe of ray florets. The plant is toxic to livestock in large quantities, due mainly to the presence of saponins and concentrated selenium.

Medicinal Uses:
Broom snakeroot was used by western Indians in poultices for treating insect bites.  Preparations of the plant have also been used to treat rheumatism and malaria.  A decoction of the roots has been used in the treatment of painful urination, diarrhea and stomach aches. The roots have been placed in boiling water and the steam inhaled in the treatment of respiratory complaints.  The flowers are laxative. A decoction of the fresh flowers has been used in the treatment of diarrhea.  The leaves are cathartic, febrifuge and sedative. An infusion has been used in the treatment of coughs and colds. It has also been used as a bath to treat fevers and sores, including those caused by venereal diseases. A poultice of the moistened leaves has been used to treat bruises, wounds, sprains, nose bleeds and insect stings. A strong, black infusion of the plant has been used as a rub on rheumatic joints.  An infusion of the leaves has been used as a pleasant and refreshing bath for arthritis. To reduce uterine swelling after childbirth, a little of the tea is taken as a beverage, and a cloth moistened with the tea is applied as a poultice.  This treatment is repeated frequently, accompanied by massage of the abdomen.  A weak tea is used as a douche or sitz bath to treat vaginitis

Disclaimer:
The information presented herein is intended for educational purposes only. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutierrezia_sarothrae
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GUSA2
http://www.herbnet.com/Herb%20Uses_AB.htm
http://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=3746

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Legionnaires’ disease

Definition:
Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia. It is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by Gram negative, aerobic bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella.  Over 90% of legionellosis cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila, a ubiquitous aquatic organism that thrives in temperatures between 25 and 45 °C (77 and 113 °F), with an optimum around 35 °C (95 °F).

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People usually get it by breathing in mist from water that contains the bacteria. The mist may come from hot tubs, showers or air-conditioning units for large buildings. The bacteria don’t spread from person to person.

Older adults, smokers and people with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible to Legionnaires’ disease.

Legionella bacterium also causes Pontiac fever, a milder illness resembling the flu. Separately or together, the two illnesses are sometimes called legionellosis. Pontiac fever usually clears on its own. But untreated Legionnaires’ disease can be fatal. Although prompt treatment with antibiotics usually cures Legionnaires’ disease, some people continue to experience problems after treatment.

The disease and the bacterium were discovered following an outbreak at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976, hence the name.

Symptoms:
Legionnaires’ disease usually develops two to 14 days after exposure to legionella bacteria. It frequently begins with the following signs and symptoms:

*Headache
*Muscle pain
*Chills
*Fever that may be 104 F (40 C) or higher

By the second or third day, you’ll develop other signs and symptoms that may include:

*Cough, which may bring up mucus and sometimes blood
*Shortness of breath
*Chest pain
*Fatigue
*Loss of appetite
*Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
*Confusion or other mental changes

Although Legionnaires’ disease primarily affects the lungs, it occasionally can cause infections in wounds and in other parts of the body, including the heart.

A mild form of Legionnaires’ disease — known as Pontiac fever — may produce symptoms including fever, chills, headache and muscle aches. Pontiac fever doesn’t infect   lungs, and symptoms usually clear within two to five days.

Causes:
Legionnaires’ is caused by a bacteria known as Legionella pneumophila.

The bacteria is found widely throughout natural water systems such as rivers and ponds but temperature is critical to its growth and it is in the warm or hot water of artificial water systems such as heating plants or whirlpools that it can really thrive, forming a biofilm or layer of living bacteria over artificial structures.

Other sources include the water systems of large buildings, cooling towers of air conditioning systems, fountains and ponds, and communal showers.

click & see

It used to be thought that people caught Legionella when they breathed in an aerosol or fine mist of contaminated water. But while this may be true in some cases it is now thought that Legionella more commonly occurs when contaminated water in the mouth (drinking water for example) is able to get past the body’s normal defences and passes down into the lungs.

This is known as aspiration and it explains why smokers and those with chronic lung disease are especially vulnerable to Legionella. Normally fluid in the mouth is pushed down the gullet and into the stomach where any particles such as bacteria can be broken down.

The gag reflex prevents water entering into the breathing tubes, and the action of tiny hair-like projections or cilia on the mucosal membranes surface brushes back any particles that have passed towards the lungs.

But in smokers and those with lung disease or weakened immunity these mechanisms may not work properly and bacteria can pass more easily into the lungs to establish a pneumonia.

Occurrences are more common in late summer and early autumn. Men are affected more than women, particularly middle-aged men.

Complications:
Legionnaires’ disease can lead to a number of life-threatening complications, including:

*Respiratory failure. This occurs when the lungs are no longer able to provide the body with enough oxygen or can’t remove enough carbon dioxide from the blood.

*Septic shock. This occurs when a severe, sudden drop in blood pressure reduces blood flow to vital organs, especially the kidneys and brain. The heart tries to compensate by increasing the volume of blood pumped, but the extra workload eventually weakens the heart and reduces blood flow even further.

*Acute kidney failure. This is the sudden loss of your kidneys’ ability to perform their main function — filtering waste material from your blood.

When your kidneys fail, dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate in your body.When not treated effectively and promptly, Legionnaires’ disease may be fatal, especially if your immune system is weakened by disease or medications.

Diagnosis:
Legionnaires’ disease is similar to other types of pneumonia. To help identify the presence of legionella bacteria quickly,  doctor may use a test that checks your urine for legionella antigens — foreign substances that trigger an immune system response.  One or more of the following test may also be required:

*Blood tests

*A chest X-ray, which doesn’t confirm Legionnaires’ disease but can show the extent of infection in your lungs

*Tests on a sample of your sputum or lung tissue

*A CT scan of your brain or a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) if you have neurological symptoms such as confusion or trouble concentrating

Treatment:
Current treatments of choice are the respiratory tract quinolones (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin) or newer macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin). The antibiotics used most frequently have been levofloxacin and azithromycin. Macrolides are used in all age groups while tetracyclines are prescribed for children above the age of 12 and quinolones above the age of 18. Rifampicin can be used in combination with a quinolone or macrolide. Tetracyclines and erythromycin led to improved outcomes compared to other antibiotics in the original American Legion outbreak. These antibiotics are effective because they have excellent intracellular penetration and Legionella infects cells.

The mortality at the original American Legion convention in 1976 was high (34 deaths in 180 infected individuals) because the antibiotics used (including penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides) had poor intracellular penetration. Mortality has plunged to less than 5% if therapy is started quickly. Delay in giving the appropriate antibiotic leads to higher mortality.

Prognosis:
According to the journal Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, hospital-acquired Legionella pneumonia has a fatality rate of 28%, and the principal source of infection in such cases is the drinking-water distribution system

Prevention:
A recent research study provided evidence that Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, can travel airborne at least 6 km from its source. It was previously believed that transmission of the bacterium was restricted to much shorter distances. A team of French scientists reviewed the details of an epidemic of Legionnaires’ disease that took place in Pas-de-Calais in northern France in 2003–2004. There were 86 confirmed cases during the outbreak, of whom 18 died. The source of infection was identified as a cooling tower in a petrochemical plant, and an analysis of those affected in the outbreak revealed that some infected people lived as far as 6–7 km from the plant.

A study of Legionnaires’ disease cases in May 2005 in Sarpsborg, Norway concluded that: “The high velocity, large drift, and high humidity in the air scrubber may have contributed to the wide spread of Legionella species, probably for >10 km. “…

In 2010 a study by the UK Health Protection Agency reported that 20% of cases may be caused by infected windscreen washer systems filled with pure water. The finding came after researchers spotted that professional drivers are five times more likely to contract the disease. No cases of infected systems were found whenever a suitable washer fluid was used.

Temperature affects the survival of Legionella as follows:

*70 to 80 °C (158 to 176 °F): Disinfection range
*At 66 °C (151 °F): Legionellae die within 2 minutes
*At 60 °C (140 °F): They die within 32 minutes
*At 55 °C (131 °F): They die within 5 to 6 hours
*Above 50 °C (122 °F): They can survive but do not multiply
*35 to 46 °C (95 to 115 °F): Ideal growth range
*20 to 50 °C (68 to 122 °F): Growth range
*Below 20 °C (68 °F): They can survive but are dormant

Removing slime, which can carry legionellae when airborn, may be an effective control process

Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.This is purely for educational purpose

Resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosis
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/legionnaires-disease/DS00853/DSECTION
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/legionnairesdisease.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/legionnaires1.shtml

http://www.primehealthchannel.com/legionnaires-disease-symptoms-causes-tests-prevention-and-treatment.html

http://www.cruiselawnews.com/articles/legionnaires-disease/

http://rpgrecords.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/legionnaires-disease.jpg

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